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POPULAR 

WEST COAST FLORA 

AN 

ANALYTICAL KEY 

TO THE 

FLORA OF THE PACIFIC COAST 

IN WHICH ARE DESCRIBED OVER 

EIGHTEEN HUNDRED SPECIES OF FLOWERING PLANTS GROWING 

WEST OF THE SIERRA NEVADA AND CASCADE CRESTS, 

FROM SAN DIEGO TO PUGET SOUND 

BY 

VOLNEY RATTAN 

CURATOR OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL MUSEUM, SAN JOSE, CALIFORNIA 

REVISED EDITION 




SAM FRANCISCO, 
THE WHITAKER & RAY CO. 

(incorporated) 

1905 



RY il 20NQRESS 

fwu Copies rfow»gij 

S£P 22 1905 
% Ct ,\&* (la 

COP* B» 






Copyrighted I898, 

By THE WHITAKER & RAY CO., 

San Francisco, Cal. 



Copyright 1905, 

BY 

THE WHITAKER & RAY CO. 



PREFACE. 



The skeleton of this book has for eleven years formed a supplement to the 
" California Flora, " which describes only the plants of the coast region between 
Monterey and Ukiah. Since it is not practicable to fill out this skeleton in the 
way originally intended, it has been put into the improved form here described. 
The "Flora" of the old manual has been replaced by descriptions of all the 
orders whose species on this coast have conspicuous flowers. This part of the 
book also contains descriptions of near two hundred and fifty species which are 
mostly new, and over fifty generic names which in Greene's l( Botany of the San 
Francisco Bay Region' ' displace names used in this book. These synonyms will 
be very helpful to those who use the former manual with this or other floras. 
A complete glossary of the botanical terms and specific names found in this book, 
and a glossary of generic names in connection with the index will materially aid 
students. An analytical key leads the student to a description of the order to 
which the plant in hand belongs. At the close of that description he is referred 
to the page of the second part where keys lead to the genus and species. Return- 
ing to the first part, the new matter there is consulted before making a final 
decision. This seemingly awkward prominence of addenda is perhaps advanta- 
geous to the student, who is thus led to realize the progress of botanical work. 
Moreover there is encouragement in the thought that the discovery of so many 
new plants in the ten years just ended proves that there are species yet unde- 
scribed which sharp-eyed seekers may find. 

Since the descriptions here given are for the most part abbreviations of the 
originals, their shortcomings should be charged to the compiler of this book. In 
some cases, particularly in difficult genera, new species have not been given. 
Many of Prof. Greene's new species are placed under generic names which he 
does not approve. Most of these, however, were described by him under the 
discarded names, and it is proper that his name should follow that of the species 



4 PREFACE. 

as author. In the other cases his name, according to present usage, should 
appear in parenthesis. Since this is a matter of little importance to beginners 
and one difficult to manage it has not been attended to. 

Because of the unsettled condition oi plant names the present time is unfavorable 
for the preparation of a flora of any country. More than ever before systematic 
botanists are investigating the history of names, and, like other historians, they do 
not agree. There are therefore added to the ever present questions concerning the 
limitations of genera and species, questions concerning the priority of names. 
The former never will be settled, and authorities are not likely to agree upon the 
latter for some years to come. Meanwhile we must learn several names for each of 
a score or more of the plants we yearly greet in our country rambles. For example : 
In the collections of plants made in the United States last year the shrub com- 
monly known as Nine-Bark doubtless bears five different names. Those using 
"Gray's Manual " or ll Wood's Class Book" have labeled it Spirsea opulifolia; 
according to u Bergen's Botany" and "Behr's Flora" it is Neillia opulifolia; in 
the " Key to West Coast Botany" it is Physocarpus opulifolia; in Greene's "Flora 
Franciscana" it is Neillia capitata, and in the same author's " Botany of the Bay 
Region" it is called Opulaster capitatus. Five plants — so common that they may 
be found on one hillside — will, by those who use the "Bay Region Botany," be 
given each a separate generic name, yet most botanists call them all Gilias. A 
common wild cherry is Primus emarginata in "Behr's Flora," Cerasus emar- 
ginata in " Bay Region Botany," and Cerasus Calif or nica in "Flora Franciscana." 
Some idea of the number of plants known by more than one name may be gained 
from the fact that over two hundred of the thirteen hundred species described 
in the " Bay Region Botany" appear under generic and sometimes specific names 
different from those given them in the " Botany of the Geological Survey." But 
it must be remembered that, even in its present chaotic condition, botanical 
nomenclature is incomparably better than that of so-called common names. 
Most of our noticeable native plants are each known by a dozen or more local 
names. V. R. 

San Jose, Feb. 8, 1898. 



Prefatory Note to Revised Edition. 



This popular edition of the "Key to West Coast Botany" contains a chap- 
ter on the structure of plants which, with the "Glossary of Specific Names and 
Botanical Terms," will enable those who have never studied botany to under- 
stand the descriptions of plants. If the following pages, devoted to descriptive 
and systematic botany, are carefully read and constantly referred to, with plant 
in hand, the lovers of flowers will soon be able to determine the names of the 
native plants which interest them. With the exception of plants in the sun- 
flower and carrot families, this flora contains brief but adequate descriptions of 
all plants with petaled flowers found growing wild within the limits indicated 
on the title page. 

The author will be glad to assist those who are in doubt about the name 
of any flowering plant or fern. Send by mail a specimen of the plant to the 
Normal School at San Jose, enclosing with it an addressed postal card. 

Seven of the half-tone plates were made from photographs supplied by 
A. P. Hill, of San Jose, whose enthusiastic appreciation of, at least, the big 
plants, of this coast, is well known. 

The frontispiece, representing a Mt. Hamilton specimen of the rarest and 
most unique of Clarkias, is probably the best botanical photo-engraving ever 
made. Every characteristic, from the square outline of the corolla to the deli- 
cate hairs fringing the anthers, is distinctly shown. Only the light rose-color, 
which suffuses the whole flower, the green of the foliage and the delicate fra- 
grance are wanting. 

This plant is known also under the generic name Eucharidium. 

It is to be hoped that Toyon (pronounced tow-ey-own) will become the 
popular name of the shrubby tree which furnishes the scarlet berries so com- 
monly used for decorating during the mid-winter holidays. It is the oldest 
name (the Indian), with the oldest spelling (the Spanish). V. R. 



DESCRIPTIVE BOTANY. 



THE ORGANS OF PLANTS: THEIR WORK. 

All the plants described in this book have the parts or organs generally 
known as roots, stems, leaves and flowers. The plant is known by the charac- 
teristics of these organs. The appearance of a plant depends also upon length 
of life. Many plants live a definite length of time, producing but one crop of 
seed, the ripening of which ends their life work. A large number of such 
plants live only part of a year — commonly three to eight months. They grow 
from seed, produce seed and die in one season. A few of these, like wheat and 
most other cereals, ripen all their seed at once and immediately die. Others, 
like beans, may begin to ripen fruit before the last of the crop is in bloom. 
Plants that live but one season are called annuals, or annual herbs. A few 
plants — cabbage, carrots, etc., — growing in countries which have cold winters, 
live two seasons. They start from seed in the spring of the first year and die, 
laden with seed in the autumn of the next. Such plants are biennial herbs. 
In warm countries, some plants, like the century plant, require several, or 
many years, of growth to prepare for the final blossoming season, which ends in 
death. In the temperate zones many plants die to the ground every winter 
and send up stems — sometimes only leafless blossom stems— every spring for 
many successive years. These are perennial herbs. When the whole plant, or 
all but the leaves, lives on for many years the woody stems of bushes or shrubs 
and trees are formed. Annual and perennial herbs may be distinguished by 
remains or scars of last year's stems on the underground part of the latter. 

The Subterranean Organs of Plants. Often the underground parts of a 
plant are more interesting and of greater importance to us than those which 
grow in the air. The so-called root-crops of the truck farmer are examples of 
food plants which are harvested by digging. Many of our native wild plants 
yield store of food to burrowing gophers and digging Indians. Even wise white 
men, who, on camping trips, far from markets, hunger for vegetables, enjoy 
roasted calochortus or camass bulbs. Our twenty and more kinds of native onions 
and forty other species of plants in the lily family have edible bulbs. Evidently 
if we would know plants we must not fail to study the parts hidden in the 
ground. Those who botanize must dig. 



Ad 



ROOTS AND ROOTSTOCKS. 



Roots and Rootstocks. Creeping, underground stems are popularly con- 
sidered as roots ; but their office is very different from that of true roots, which 
bear hairs through which ground-water is taken into the plant for food. Root- 
lets bear hairs much as branchlets bear leaves. At the beginning of the grow- 
ing season, roots send out rootlets 
clothed with hairs, as branches put 
forth branchlets ladened with leaves. 
Root-hairs feed the leaves : leaves nour- 
ish the plant. Root-like stems are 
called rootstocks. 

Rootstocks are easily distinguished 
from roots which branch irregularly, are 
more crooked and do not, as a a rule, 
bear buds. Stems have the rudiments 
of leaves (called bracts) and buds. In 
the figure of Scutellaria, opposite bracts 
are shown on the rootstocks which end 
in a thickened part called a tuber. A 
potato is a tuber. Its eyes are buds and 
the eyebrows are bracts. Notice that 
the creeping or horizontal rootstocks of 
oxalis and smilacina bear roots at 
the base of each seasonal growth. 
Vertical rootstocks, like those of 




Fig. i. Tubers of Scutellaria tuberosa. a. 
The old tuber which has given up its starch 
to feed the above-ground stem in its first 
growth, b. An underground stem just be- 
ginning to thicken and thus form a tuber, c. 
Tuber terminating a stem which grows from 
the axil of a bract on the upward growing 
stem just below the surface of the ground. 
Roots also grow from this stem. d. A pair of 
bracts, e. A three-jointed tuber. 





Fig. 2. Vertical rootstock of 
calla. 



Fig. 3. Horizontal rootsiocks of smilacina (false 
Solomon's Seal) and Oregon oxalis. a. Bud for the 
next growth of leafy stem, b. The scar left by the 
above-ground stem of last year, c and d. Similar 
scars of preceding years, ^and/. Dormant buds. 



BULBS AND CORMS. 



4e 



calla, become thick in age ; the above-ground portion coming up each year from 
the top of the stock. Notice the bud on the right side and the circle of roots. 
Plants with horizontal rootstocks come up in a new place each year. 

Bulbs and Conns. A typical bulb is a very short rootstock — usually much 
broader than long— bearing in the center of its upper end, or face, a bud sur- 
rounded by the thickened bases of leaves which a similar bud produced during 
the last seasonal growth. When these leaf bases are so broad that each enwraps 
all between it and the center, the bulb is called a coated or tunicated bulb. Com- 
mon onions and soap root are examples. Narrow leaf bases form a scaly bulb. 
Corms are bulb-like bases of stems covered by a few thin leaf coats, like the 
outer layers of an onion. They are also called solid bulbs. There are many 
bulbs intermediate in character. Tubers, bulbs and roots, like beets, contain 
starch and sugar, which support the first growth of the next season. 




Fig. 4. Scaly bulb of i 
lily. 






Fig. 5. Tunicated 
bulb of soap root. 



Fig. 6. Half-solid 
bulb of Brodisea capitata 
with young bulbs which 
terminate short root- 
stocks. 




Fig. 7. Bulb of Fritillaria lanceolata. 



Fig. 8. A peculiar onion. 



u-tit, lL*tcjollcL7-?^ KM. 



if 



LEAVES. 



The Uses of Leaves. Leaves are the stom- 
achs of plants, and, in a small way, they are the 
lungs also. The nutritious part of the sap of 
plants is made in the leaves out of ground water, 
taken in by root-hairs, and carbon-di-oxide gas, 
taken directly from the air. All the parts and 
products of plants are made out of sap. Leaves, 
therefore, are important organs and must be 
considered in classifying plants. 

How Leaves are Described. A complete leaf 
is composed of three parts as shown in the figure. 
The broad part is a blade. The stem is called a 
petiole, to distinguish it from other stems ; such 
as the peduncle of a flower, or the stipe of a pod. 




Fig. io. 



fizeCu- 




Stipules are a pair of appendages at the base of the 
petiole. (See Figs. 9 and 15.) 

The leaf-work proper is usually confined to the 
blade. Stipules are wanting in most leaves. When 
leaves have no petioles they are sessile. In some plants 
the leaves have no blades. In such the petioles widen- 
ed vertically do the work of blades. In plants like 
cactus and rushes, green stems and branches do the 
leaf work. 

Forms of Leaves. The upper figure on this page 

Fig. 9 . Creeping wood violet ghowg four fofmg which haye the ftpex and bage gimilar . 

The short dotted line before each name shows the 
outline to which it is applied. It will be seen that 
oblong and linear leaves have their sides parallel. 
Four forms broader at the base than at the apex are 
outlined in the lower figure. Notice carefully the 
relation between these forms. A cordate leaf is 
similar to a reniform leaf. An intermediate form 
may be called cordate-reniform. 

The leaves represented in (Fig. 12) are some of 
them modifications of the forms given on the preced- 
ing page. Perhaps c in that figure would be better 
described as narrowly elliptical. But it is not neces- 
sary to be so exact. An orbicular leaf with the stem 




LEAVES. 



\! 



attached to the middle is peltate or shield-shaped. Hastate and sagittate leaves 
have blades like spear and arrow heads. 

When the apex or the base tapers to a sharp point like that of the halberd- 
shaped leaf, it is said to be acute. A sharper termination is acuminate. The 
leaf d in Fig. 13 is obtuse. The cordate leaf is cordate-acuminate. Lance-ovate is 
an intermediate form which might be called broadly ovate. Notice that ob- 
lanceolate is the reverse of lanceolate. Ovate, cordate and reniform have reverse 
forms. Cuneate leaves are narrowly triangular with the petiole attached to the 
acute angle. 




bed e f g 

a. I/nea f. Broadly linear, c. Elliptical, d. Broadly elliptical, e. Peltate. 
/". Hastate, g. Sagittate. 




a b c d e 

Fig. 13. a. lanceolate, b. Oblanceolate. _ 

g. Cimeter-shaped. h. Halberd-shaped 



/ g h l 

c. Spatulate. d. Ovate, e Cordate, y. Reniform. 
i, Eared at base. 



4/i 



LEAVES. 



The Margins of Leaves. When the edges of leaves are not indented they 
have entire margins. The illustrations on this page represent some of the many 
forms of leaf margins. The nearly ob-cordate terminal leaflet of bur-clover is 
finely serrate above the middle. The leaflets of the true clover are serrate and 
the stipules are finely incised or laciniate. Lacerate means the same. 




a b 

Fig. 14. a. Serrate. 



c d e f 

b. Dentate, c. Crenate. d. R^pand, or undulate, t 
f. Incised, g. Erose. 



9 

Sinuate. 



Lobed and Compound Leaves. 
A leaf deeply indented is lobed; 
cut nearly or quite to the midrib 
or base, it is parted, and when the 
lobes are narrowed at the base so 
as to form separate leaflets a com- 
pound leaf is formed. The figures 
on the opposite page show the two 
forms of leaf skeletons, pinnate 
and palmate. There are all imag- 
inable intermediate forms. Leaves 
are bi-pinnate when the leaflets 
are pinnate. Leaves pinnately 
divided into many laciniate lobes 
are said to be pinnatifid. 

Tendrils and spines are 
usually modified leaves, leaflets 
or branches. 




a. Palmately 3-foliolate leaf of clover with 
lacerate adnate stipules, b. Pinnately 3-foliolate leaf 
of bur-clovtr with free lanceolate stipules. 



LEAVES. 



4t 




Fig. 16. a. Pinnately lobed b. Pinnately parted, c. Palmately lobed. d. Pinnate, 
e. Pedate or palmately parted. 



4j 



FLOWERS. 



Flowers and Their Work. Flowers make the seeds of plants. This is the 
highest work done by plants. A flower is, therefore, the most important organ 
of a plant. It follows that the proper classification of plants, depends chiefly 
upon the characteristics of their flowers. To determine the name of a plant 
with the aid of a book like this, one must know the parts of a flower and the 
meanings of the words used in describing it. A flower is a specialized branch, 
the stem and leaves of which develop in a way very unlike those of the ordinary 
or vegetative branches. The leaves are no longer mere sap makers. By as 
much as their beauty is greater, their work is higher; for beauty is ever the 
measure of the quality of work. 

The floral leaves are usual- 
ly arranged in four whorls at 
the end of a branch which is 
called a peduncle. The top of 
the peduncle is called a recepta- 
cle, and the whorls of leaves are 
named in order: calyx, corolla, 
stamens and pistil. Each leaf of 
the calyx is called a sepal; each 
one of the corolla, a petal, and 
the pistil is made up of carpels. 
There is usually a definite small 
number in each set — another 
index of high work — and there is 
much more exactnessof form and 
size in floral leaves than in ordi- 
nary foliage. The calyx covers 
and thus protects the other parts 
in the bud. The corolla serves as a signal to insects and humming-birds (in one 
case to a kangaroo!). The stamens produce a powdery substance called pollen. 
The carpels contain the beginnings of seeds called ovules. In order that the 
ovules may grow and become seeds, it is necessary that the contents of pollen 
grains should reach them. To do this the pollen grains must be placed on a 
sticky, skinless part of the pistil — usually at the top — called the stigma. There 
the moist surface causes them to sprout. The tubular sprouts grow down 
through the pistil to the ovules. This bringing of the pollen to the stigma is, 
in all cjlored flowers, done by insects; or, in a few cases, by higher animals. 
In most such flowers, however, the pollen is placed upon the stigma by some 
action of the flower itself. This is usually done after the insects have had an 




Fig 17. Mustard flower magnified with four of the 
stamens, three petals and three sepals removed. 



FLOWER-. 



4k 



opportunitv to bring the pollen from another flower of the same kind. Better 
seeds are made when pollen is taken from one flower to another. This is the 
reason why flowers have pretty corollas. Wind carries pollen for many flowers, 
such as those of poplar, willow, walnut, date, corn, etc. Wind pollenized flowers 
have inconspicuous corollas or none at all. Sometimes the work of signaling in- 
sects is done by the calyx ; sometimes a few of the flowers in a dense cluster do it ; 
rarely a few leaves under a head of minute flowers are colored signals (dog- 
wood, anemopsis, Fig. 34) ; and in some Australian flowers a brush of long, 
brilliantly-colored stamens announces that a nectar banquet is ready. 








Fig-. 20. Bilabiate corollas. 




Fig i-S. Perianth cf triteleia 
laid open, showing the pistil on 
a st>in and the adherent sta- 
mens. 



Fig. iq. Regular corollas with united petals. 
c. Tubular corolla of tree-tobacco {Nicotiana 
glauca). b. Salverform corolla of slender tobacco 
{Nicotiana aftenuaia). c. Rotate corolla of sola- 
num, d. Campanulate corolla of blue-bells. 

Any one of the four sets of flower parts 
may be wanting and all but one may be 
absent. In the latter case one plant, 
called the fertile plant, bears the carpels, 
and another, the sterile plant, bears the 
stamens. Instead of being quite want- 
ing, parts not used are more often reduced to rudiments. Notice that a pistil is 
a single carpel, or made up of two or more combined. When only the ovaries 
of carpels are united the distinct styles show how many there are. When the 
union is complete, as in Oenothera (p. 41), and buckeye (Fig. 31), the number of 



41 



FLOWERS. 



carpels can be ascertained by cutting across the ovary (see Fig. 31, 32). The 
number of cells in the ovary, or the number of places {placentae) where the seeds 
are attached, equals the number of carpels. (See a Fig. 32.) The number of 
sides or angles of the fruit or ovary is often a guide. (See Fig. C, p. 39.) One 




Fig. 2i. Bilabiate corollas having elon- 
gated galea, a and b have the lower lip 
reduced to three tooth-like projections. 
d. The corolla and c the entire flower of a 
rose-purple orthocarpus. 

is frequently called upon to decide 
whether the ovary is inferior or super- 
ior. The figures on page 39 and Fig. 
25 will be helpful. The figure on 
page 41 shows a very inferior ovary. 
It is underground. Find out why 
and you will be famous. Cut across 
suspected stems and look for ovules. 

Anthers are versatile when they 
are attached to the filaments at some 
point on the back between the ends. 
(See left figure p. 39 and Fig. 18). 
An adnate anther is attached as 
shown in Clarkia (p. 39). The face 
of an anther is usually ruptured when 
the pollen escapes. When the an- 
ther faces the pistil, it is introrse. 
When it faces out, it is extrorse. 
Sepals often cohere for part of their 
length. The free portions are then 
called lobes, or, if very small, teeth. 




Fig. 22. Ovary partly inferior. 




Fig. 23. Cypripedium, or moccasin flower. 
s s. Sepals; the lower pair united, pp. The 
lateral pair of petals. The lower one forms a 
sac which is the conspicuous part of the 
flower, c. The column formed by the united 
stamens and stigma, o The inferior ovary. 



FLOWERS. 



4m 



The united portion is called the tube. The same adjectives are used when petals 
cohere. Cohering petals form a gamopetalous corolla. When the tube is slender 
or nearly as wide at the top as at the bottom and the lobes are small, the 
corolla is tubular. If the lobes or a united portion spread horizontally it is 
salverform. If the tube is very short, a salverform corolla becomes rotate. 
(See Fig. 19.) 





Fig. 24. A. a. Flower of a common 
shrubby lupine, b. The same with the 
upper and side petals removed snowing 
the united pair of long-clawed petals 
which enclose the united stamens and 
pistil. B. a. Same with all the petals 
removed showing 5 empty anthers, b. 
Stamens as they appear in the bud, with 
the anthers all full. The short stamens 
of the bud become the long stamens of. 
the flower, c and d. Anthers magnified. 




Fig. 25. Floral leaves in the bud. 
a. Young bud of lavatera with val- 
vate sepals enclosing the rest of the 
flower, b. An older bud of the same, 
the convolute petals ready to open. 



In polypetalous flowers with a gamosepalous calyx, the stamens usually 
grow on the basal or united part of the calyx. This part is probably in many 
cases an outgrowth or expansion of the receptacle rather than a part of the 
calyx proper. The stamens of gamopetalous flowers grow on or adhere to the 
corolla tube which is, perhaps, often an outgrowth of the receptacle. 

To better accommodate insects, many flowers are irregular or one-sided, 
(Fig. 22, 24). When one or two corolla lobes in a gamopetalous flower stand 
apart from the others the flower is bilabiate (Fig. 20 and pp. 61, 65). 

In the lily family the sepals and petals are often alike in color, shape and 
size. Frequently thsy unite to form a six-lobed flower cup. The sepals and 
petals together form the perianth. (Fig. 18 and p. 74.) 

Flower Buds. The sepals and petals are folded or stowed away in the 
bud in three distinct ways. When the edges are joined they are valvate ; when 
they appear to be twisted they are convolute, and if they overlap like the leaves 
in a cabbage head they are imbricate. (Fig. 25.) 



4n 



INFLORESCENCE. 



Inflorescence. Flowers grow on the ends of branches and the main stem ; 
or in the axils of leaves or bracts. In other words they are terminal or axillary. 
When they are in clusters the leaves are small or reduced to bracts which do no 
leaf work. In the mustard family they are absent. The forms of axillary in- 
florescence are shown in Fig. 26. Notice that the youngest flower or bud is 
highest or in the center of the cluster. In terminal inflorescence the oldest 




~£tes>3£^p^ 





Fig. 26. Forms of Axillary Inflorescence, a. Raceme, b, Spike, c. Corymb, d. Umtel. c. Head. 





Fig. 27. Forms of terminal inflores- 
cence, a. Cyme of an opposite-leaved 
plant, b. A one-sided cyme of a plant 
with opposite leaves, c. Similar cyme of 
a plant with alternate leaves. 



Fig. 28. Catkins oraments 
ofgarrya. a Pistillate flow- 
ers, b. Staminate flowers 
(lower end of a catkin three 
inches long)- 



COMPOSITE FLOWERS. 



4o 





Fig. 2Q. Scorpioid 
inflorescence. 



flower is central ; or, in one- 
sided cymes (false racemes or 
spikes), the lowest. (Fig. 27, 
29.) Oaks, poplars, willows, 
birches, alders, hazels, wal- 
nuts and a few other woody 
plants have close, usually 
hanging, worm-like spikes of 
small apetalous flowers. These 
are called calkins. As shown 
in Fig. 28 the stamens and pis- 
tils — there are no sepals or 
petals — are in separate catkins. 
In poplars and willows these p *lf £econen/ {Pia- 
are borne on different trees, tystigma. Caiifomi- 
The pollen of catkins is carried 
by the wind. 

The upper part of Fig. 33 represents a head 
of flowers which looks like a single flower with 
many petals. Such a head is called a composite 
flower. The florets are so small that a hand lens 
at least, is necessary for the determination of 
their characters. Such flowers are not described 
in this book. The florets are very different from 
Anemopsis (Fig. 34). Sunflow r ers, marigolds, 
chrysanthemums, asters, marguerites, dahlias, 
and other composite flowers are cultivated for 
their beauty. The composite plants are repre- 
sented in vegetable gardens by artichoke, oyster 
plant, chicory, dandelion and lettuce. Thistles, 
and tar-weeds have compound flowers. 




Fig. 31. a. Growing pis- 
til of a buckeye, b. Verti- 
cal section of the ovary 
cut in the plane/"^-, shown 
at c, which is a cross-sec- 
tion cutting the ovary in 
the plane d e, as s~en in 
a and b. 




-/?ee e» facie- ~\ 





Fig. 32. Diagrams showing two 
3-carpellcd pistils; one (a) with 
the ovules on the sides (placentae 
parietal); the other (b) with ovules 
on a stem in the center (placentae 
central). 



4p 



COMPOSITE FLOWERS. 




J /[a diet elect a, ns. 





Fig. 33. Representing florets of tar-weed and sun- 
flower. <z, A ray floret of tar-weed and the enclosing 
bract which is covered with tarry hairs, b. The bract 
enclosing the ripe akene. c. Ray floret magnified, 
with all but the base of the corolla removed so as to 
show the pair of stigmas, d. Ray corolla, e. A disk 
floret magnified. The disk florets are all sterile, pro- 
ducing only pollen, f. Disk floret of sunflower, g. 
A ray floret of the same. In sunflowers the ray 
florets are sterile and the disk florets are fertile. 



Fig. 34. Anemopsis. A head 
or short dense spike of apeta- 
lous flowers, with white bracts 
which hide them; the whole 
surrounded by an involucre of 
petaloid bracts, which makes 
the head look like a composite 
flower. 



In the lower part of Fig. 33 
one of what appears to be the pet- 
als of the tarweed (called madia 
elegans) is shown at a. The base 
of it (an inferior ovary) enclosed 
in a sepal-like bract is seen at 6, 
and magnified without the bract 
at c. One of the minute flowers 
which make up the center of the 
head is represented magnified at «. 



SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. 



NAMES OF PLANTS: CLASSIFICATION. 

In a general way we designate the objects around U3 by single names. We speak 
oi a stone, a wolf, or a pine; but to distinguish the kinds we naturally use two names, 
as lime stone, sand stone; grey wolf, prairie wolf; nut pine, yellow pine, etc. This is 
one step in classification, and the only one commonly taken. This natural plan of 
double names was adopted by the great naturalist, Linnaeus, who gave names to most 
European plants, as well as to many of this continent. He wisely gave the Latin form 
to his names, since that language (being the base of most languages spoken in civilized 
countries) is the natural source of cosmopolitan names — those truly common to all 
people. Botanical names, then, differ from so-called common names principally iu 
form, and they have these decided advantages: they more exactly represent the rela- 
tions between kinds of plants, and they are names that are common to people of all 
languages. In short, they are the true common names. 

It is not true that botanical names are harder than local names. The most com- 
mon of our ornamental plants are well known by their scientific names. No one thinks 
of calling the following botanical names hard: Geranium, Aster, Verbena, Petunia, 
Portulaca, Crocus, Phlox, Fuchsia, Iris, Magnolia, Oxalis, Azalea, Dahlia, Lobelia, 
Arnica, etc. Most people talk familiarly of Camellias, Callas, Begonias, Acacias, etc.; 
while our beautiful California plants, Clarkia, Collinsia, Eschscholtzia, Nemophila, etc., 
are well kuown by their proper names — at least, in other countries. 

Generic names correspond to the second parts of the compound common names, as 
oak, pine, rose, etc. Some of these are the old Greek or Latin names of the plant. 
Most generic names are either derived from Greek or Latin words descriptive of some 
peculiarity of the plant, or they are commemorative of some botanist, as Thysanocarpus, 
from Greek words meaning fringe and pod; Kelloggia, in honor of Dr. A. Kellogg, a 
veteran botanist of this coast. Sometimes genera are named in honor of those who are 
not botanists, as Fremontia, Hollisteria, Stanfordia, etc. 

It will be seen that in the examples given a generic name in honor of a man is 
formed by adding "ia" to his name. Sometimes "a" only is added, as Bolaudra. 

Specific names correspond to the first part of common names, but are written 
after the generic names. Thus Oregon Oxalis is labeled Oxalis Oregona. Most specific 
names are descriptive, as Gilia tricolor, Tricolored Gilia. Frequently a species is named 
for the discoverer, as Eriogonum Nortoni, Norton's Eriogonum; or in honor of some one, 



6 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. 

as Arctostapkylos Slanfordiana, Stanford's Manzanita. Sometimes a plant is named for 
a child, then the given name is used, as Brecoortia Ida-Maia was so named after a little 
girl who was a fellow-passenger on the stage with Professor Wood when he discovered 
the plant. A species is often named for the country where it was first found, as 
Ranunculus Calif or nicus. Sometimes there are varieties of a species, as Ranunculus 
Occidentalis, var. Eiseni, Dr. Eisen's western buttercup. When a species is named for a 
woman "?e" instead of " i" is added to her name, as Astragalus A usti nee, Mrs. Austin's 
Astragalus. 

In talking about plants, we should put the scientific names into the English form. 
Flax -flowered Gilia is less pedantic than Gilia liniflora. It is best to use the English 
names when speaking of plants belonging to a genus, some species of which have long 
been known. Say Marshall's gooseberry rather than Ribes Marshallii. You would ask 
at the table for cabbage, not for Brassica oleracea. On the other hand avoid trivial 
local names such as Baby-eyes for Nemophila. 

Orders and Classes. Genera are grouped in Orders or Families, and these in 
Classes. Flowering plants are usually grouped in two classes, Exogens and Endogens. 

HOW TO DETERMINE THE NAMES OF FLOWERING 

PLANTS. 

This whole matter of naming and classifying can be well understood only after 
you have analyzed many plants; i. e., you must have carefully examined them part by 
part, and patiently compared their peculiarities with the descriptions in the book until 
you have determined their names. In the beginning there will be many failures; but 
do not allow them to discourage you, for each victory will make the way easier to other 
conquests. 

Choose for your first studies plants with large flowers. Do not attempt to deter- 
mine the name of a plant unless you have specimens which show the kind of inflores- 
cence and the arrangement of the leaves on the stem. If possible, secure specimens of 
the fruit and the roots. If in any plant you cannot readily distinguish the parts of the 
flower and their relations to each other, lay it aside until the study of easier plants has 
given you more skill. 

The first thing to be determined in analyzing a plant is the Class; i. e., you must 
decide whether it is an Exogen or an Endogen. Usually, the leaves and flowers suffi- 
ciently distinguish the class. In our plants, if the leaves are parallel- veined, or if the 
parts of the flower are in threes, the plant is an endogen. In other words, if there is no 
network of intersecting fibers between the ribs of the leaves the plant is an endogen; if 
the flower has three sepals and three petals (i. e., a perianth of six leaves or lobes), 
three or six stamens and three or six carpels (generally united to form a compound pistil 
with a three or six-celled ovary), the plant is an endogen. When the leaves are netted- 
veined, and the parts of the flower are not all in threes, the plant is an exogen. 



SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. 7 

It is a good plan to write out a description of a plant before attempting to 
ascertain its name. The parts may be described in this order: Roots, Stems, Leaves, 
Flowers, Fruit. 

If you can make out all the parts of the flowers and fruit of any wild plant on 
this coast you ought to be able to determine whether it is described in the book or not. 
If it is, you can, in most cases, determine at least the generic name. If there are many 
species, several of them may be too much alike to be easily distinguished. 

Common Errors. Do not mistake a slender inferior ovary for a peduncle. Split 
a doubtful peduncle and look for ovules. Do not fail to examine buds as well as flowers. 
An empty anther w 7 ill not fit the description in the book. Examine those that have not 
shed any pollen. Stigma lobes often fit together so as to look like an entire stigma. 
Divided corollas must not be referred to the Polypetalse. Do not mistake colored sepals 
for petals. When there is but one set or whorl of floral leaves outside of the stamens, 
the corolla is wanting. Unless all the petals are united the corolla is polypetalous. 

How to Use the "Key to the Orders" After you have thoroughly exam- 
ined your plant — which we will suppose is a common herb with finely divided com- 
pound leaves and large yellow or orange flowers — you read the first line of the key. 
Since there are four petals, and you cannot make out how many sepals form the cap- 
like calyx, you may try Class I on the same page. Calyx and corolla are both present, 
so we read the two lines under that head and choose the first, w 7 hich leads to Division I 
at the bottom of the page. The first line is satisfactory, therefore we try. "1. 
Stamens not adhering to the sepals or petals (ovary not inferior)." But the stamens of 
your flower adhere to the petals; so you look for another line printed the same way, 
the third one (" 3. Stamens on the claws of the petals"), and the first line under it leading 
to the order Papaveracese describes your flower. Turning to the page indicated, you 
find the description of the order satisfactory. Moreover, there is a bud of your flower 
represented and its genus name given. At the close of the order-description you are 
referred to the page where, under the order name, you find a key to the genera. Of 
the three starred headings evidently the second is to be taken; and of the four lines 
under that head the last, leading to the sixth genus, describes correctly the calyx and 
stigmas of your flower. Under that number on the next page you find that the full 
name is Eschscholtzia CaHfomica, Cham.* 

You can practice in the use of the keys by taking any of the following culti- 
vated plants — violet or pansy, sweet pea, geranium, morning glory, heliotrope, forget- 
me-not, oxalis, pink, laurustinus, cherry, plum, petunia, wall flower, mustard, potato, 

* "Cham." is an abbreviation for Chamisso, the botanist who named our state flower. 
Note that Greene, a noted botanist of this coast, named two of the other three species. Look 
up Eschscholtzia in the Index and Glossary of Generic Names. Look up Chamissonis in Glossary 
of Specific Names and Botanical Terms. Make it a rule to look for all the book can tell you 
about the meaning of names, who gave the names, etc. 



8 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. 

cabbage, radish. Bat you can do nothing with double flowers. A sweet pea could be 
made to tell its proper or generic name in this way: 

The sepals and petals together more than six, and petals not all united, brings 
us again to Division 1. This time "A. STAMENS MORE THAN TEN" 
is wrong. We take "B. STAMENS TEN OR LESS." "Ovary or ovaries 
superior," etc., is right, but * "pistils, more than one, not united" is wrong. We 
therefore look under "* * Pistil only one, simple or compound." The line marked 
"a" is wrong; so, also, is "6," but "c. Herbs: leaves alternate' describes our 
plant. "Corolla regular (petals alike) or nearly so" is wrong, so we take the next 
long line " corolla irregular," etc. Reading under that the five lines beginning with 
the word "stamens, we have no doubt that the first one, leading to the order 
Leguminosae, is the right one. Turning to that order and onward, as before, w e 
find a key in which the following leading lines are correct: "§ 2. Stamens all united 
or one above distinct: herbs (except some in 3 and 7). * * * * Leaves pinnate, 
ending in a bristle, imperfect leaflet or a tendril. Style flattened, usually twisted half 
around, one side hairy, 13." Seven pages further on we find: "13. Liathyrus, 
Linnaeus." Since this plant is not a native of our country, we do not look further than 
to note that there are about a dozen kinds which are natives. 

When you think you have correctly determined the name of a plant, turn back 
to the description of the order, and read it carefully once more, so as to be doubly 
sure. Then if there is any new matter under the order heading read that also. If, for 
example, you have traced a very common plant to the genus Phacelia, § Euphacelia, 
and have concluded that it is the tenth species described on p. 150, turn back to the 
order Hydrophyllaceee, on page 54. Under the same genus and section there, near 
the bottom of page 55, you find statements which may change your first decision. 
What you have taken for Phacelia tanacetifolia may be Phacelia distans or Phacelia 
leptostachya. 

Your labels should be written on slips of paper three inches long, and half as 
wide. Let the name occupy the upper half, and on the lower half write in small letters 
where the specimen grew and when you collected it. The label should be fastened in 
the lower right-hand corner of the sheet on which you mount the plant. Only the left 
hand end should be pasted down. Paper 17 x 22, cut crosswise, and folded to the size 
8^ x 11, is a suitable size for a school herbarium. The plant should be mounted on the 
third page of the folded half-sheet. 



KEY TO WEST COAST BOTANY. 



KF.Y TO THE ORDERS. 

*% Figures in the margin refer to pages. When names are not followed by figures the genus 
or order indicated is not elsewhere described in this book. Generic names are in italic. 

Calyx and corolla together of either more or less than six parts CLASS I, 9 

Calyx and corolla together of just six parts: petals never five. 

Stamens six or three . ) 

Stamens many: sepals three, green > CLASS II, 16 

Stamens one or two united to the style: ovary inferior ) 

Stamens many: flowers solitary on long peduncles Papaveraceae, 19 

Stamens ten: petal one: a shrub Leguminosse, 30 

Stamens nine, flowers apetalous, small. 

An aromatic tree; flowers greenish . Umbellularia. {Laurel.) 71 

Herbs with several or many flowers in involucral cups Eriogonum, 70 

Herbs with one to three flowers in awned involucral cups. Choyizanthe, 70 



CLASS I.-EXOGE^S OR DICOTYLEDONS. 

Calyx and Corolla both present. 

Petals not all united (distinct) DIVISION 1, 9 

Petals more or less united (cohering) , DIVISION 2, 13 

Calyx and corolla one or both wanting , DIVISION 3, 15 



DIVISION l.-POLYPETALJE. 

A. STAMENS MORE THAN 10. 

1. Stamens not adhering to the sepals or petals (ovary not inferior). 

* Pistils few to many distinct carpels. 
Calyx deciduous, sepals 5: no stipules .Ranunculaceae, 17 

[3] 



10 



POLYPETAL.E. 



Calyx persisteut, sepals 3 or 4: growing in water Nymphaeaceae, 18 

Calyx persistent, sepals 5 or 10: leaves with stipules Rosacese, 35 

Calyx of petal-like sepals: corolla often wanting Ranunculaceae, 17 

* * Pistil compound, of 2 or more united carpels as shown by more than one stigma-lobe, 
stigma, style or celt in the ovary; or by its not being at all one- sided. 

Petals more numerous than the sepals: 

Indefinitely numerous, slender, persistent. Aquatic plants. Nymphaeaceae, IS 

Just twice as many (4 or 6): sepals caducous Papaveraceae, 19 

Five to sixteen: style 3-8 cleft: fleshy herbs Portulacaceae, 26 

Petals of the same number (5) as the persistent sepals. 

Leaves opposite: sepals equal Hypericaceae, 25 

Leaves alternate: sepals unequal Cistaceae, 23 

Leaves radical, hollow, 2-appendaged at hooded top Sarraceniaceae, 19 

2. Stamens and petals on the free or adnate calyx. 

Leafless, thorny, fleshy plants: ovary prickly, inferior Cactaceae, 43 

Leaves mostly opposite, very fleshy: ovary inferior Ficoideae, 43 

Leaves opposite. Shrub: sepals and petals numerous Calycanthaceae, 36 

Shrubs: sepals 4 to 7: flowers white Saxifragaceae, 36 

Leaves alternate or radical: herbs (ovary not inferior) or shrubs Rosaceae, 35 

Leaves alternate; no stipules: rough herbs: ovary inferior Loasaceae, 42 

3. Stamens on the claws of the petals. 

Stamens many, distinct, anthers long: calyx a conical cap: petals 4 . Papaveraceae, 19 

Stamens many, united into a tube: anthers small: petals 5 Malvaceae, 27 

Stamens 10 to 16, united at base or half way: shrub Styracaceae, 50 

B. STAMENS 10 OR LESS. 

1. Ovary or ovaries superior (i.e., free from the calyx) or mainly so, but 
sometimes included in the calyx-tube. 

* Pistils more than one, not united. 

Pistils of the same number as petals and sepals. 

Leaves simple, entire, fleshy Crassulaceae, 38 

Leaves pinnate: styles united, globular ovaries distinct Geraniaceae, 28 



POLYPETALJE. 11 

Pistils not of the same number as the sepals aud petals. 

Two or three. Shrubs or trees: leaves opposite, compound. . . Sapindaceae, 30 

Herbs; leaves simple Saxifragaceae, 36 

Two to ten. Herbs; leaves piunate: calyx 10-lobed Rosaceae, 35 

Many. Stamens on the receptacle ■ Ranunculaceae, 17 

Stamens on the calyx: leaves compound, mostly radical.. Rosaceae, 35 

* * Pistil only one, simple or compound, 

a. Shrubs, trees or woody climbers. 
Style and stigma one. 

Sepals, petals and stamens 6 each, opposite each other Berberidaceae, 18 

Sepals, petals and stamens 4 or 5 each (or stamens 8 in 1st.) 

Strongly aromatic or heavy-scented Rutaceae, 29 

Not aromatic; leaves simple, opposite Celastraceae, 29 

A vine climbing by tendrils Vitaceae, 29 

Calyx 2-lipped: petals unequal: stamens 5-8, exserted Sapindaceae, 30 

Calyx 4-toothed: petals 2: stamens 2 to 4: fruit winged Oleaceae. 50 

Calyx 4-cleft: petals 4: stamens 6: ovary long-stiped Capparidaceae, 23 

Calyx 4-5 toothed: petals 5: unequal or 1: stamens 10.. lieguminosae, 30 

Calyx 5-lobed: petals 5, orbicular: stamens 10-15 Rosaceae, 35 

Sepals 3 or 5, unequal: stamens 4 to 8, united below Polygalaceae, 24 

Styles or Stigmas more than one. 

Styles 2 or 3: fruit: 2 -winged or inflated: leaves opposite Sapindaceae, 30 

Styles 3-cleft: stamens 5, opposite small petals Rhamnaceae, 29 

Stigmas 3: leaves alternate, 3-foliolate or simple Anacardiaceae, 30 

Stigmas 4 or 5: prostrate stems hardly woody Saxifragaceae, 36 

Stigma 5-lobed: small shrub: leaves opposite or whorled Ericaceae, 48 

b. Herbs: leaves mostly or all radical. 

Stamens 1 or 3: sepals 2: petals 2 to 5: stigmas 2 or 3 Portulacaceae, 26 

Stamens 5, anthers united: lower petal spurred: style 1 Violaceae, 23 

Stamens 5, opposite the petals. Sepals 2: style 3-cleft Portulacaceae, 26 

Sepals colored, united: styles 5. .Plumbaginaceae, 49 

Stamens, sepals and petals 5 each: styles 3 or 6: very glandular .Droseraceae, 38 

Stamens 5 or 10, on the calyx: styles 2 or 3 Saxifragaceae, 36 

Stamens 8 or 10, on the receptacle: stigma 5-lobed .Ericaceae, 48 

Stamens 10, styles 5: leaves 3 foliolate .Oxalis in Geraniaceae, 28 

Stamens 6 united in 3's: sepals 2: petals 4 in unequal pairs. .Fumariaceae, 20 

Stamens 6: flowers nodding on a scape. . ..Vancouveria in Berberidaceae, 18 



12 POLYPETALvE. 

c. Herbs: leaves alternate. 
Corolla regular (petals alike) or nearly so. 

Stigma 1, often 2-lobed: stamens 6 (2 and 4) rarely 4 Cruciferae, 21 

stamens 6, equal: ovary on a stipe Capparidaceae, 23 

stamens 4 to 7 and as many petals on the calyx Lythraceae, 38 

Stigma 2-lobed: stamens 4: petals 2: sepals 2, white Liliaceae, 73 

Stigmas 5: sepals 5: petals 5: stamens 10 Geraniacese, 28 

Styles 2 or 3: sepals 5: petals 5: stamens 5 or 10: leaves ) s ax if ra p. arGf « qa 

petioled ) 

Styles 2 to 5: sepals 5: petals 5: stamens 5: leaves sessile Linaceae, 28 

Style 2-3 cleft: sepals 2: petals 5 (rarely 2 or 4): fleshy leaves. Port ulacaceae, 26 
Corolla irregular (petals not all alike): style one. 

Stamens 10, included by the cohering lower pair of petals. . . Leguminosae, 30 

Stamens 5, anthers united: lower petal spurred Violaceae, 23 

Stamens 6, united in 3's: petals 4 Fumariaceae, 20 

Stamens 6, unequal, distinct or 2 united Cruciferae, 21 

Stamens 6 to 8, united: ovary 2-celled: leaves entire Polygalaceae, 24 

d. Herbs: leaves opposite, simple except in the last. 

Style 3-cleft: stamens 3 to 5: leaves a single pair Portulacaceae, 26 

Style none, stigmas 3: stamens 10 to 12: petals 6: leaves in 3's.Papaveraceae, 19 

Styles 3: flowers sessile; stamens 4 to 7: leaves revolute. . .Frankeniaceae. 24 

Styles 3: flowers in axillary clusters: stamens 3 to 5 Ficoideae, 43 

Styles or stigmas 2 to 5: capsule 1-celled: stamens 10 or 5. Caryophyllaceae, 24 

Styles 2: capsule 4-celled: stamens 5 Linaceae, 28 

Styles 4 or 5: small white flowers in terminal clusters Saxifragaceae, 36 

Style 1: stamens on the slightly cohering rotate petals PrimulaceaB, 49 

Styles and other flower parts each 2 to 5 (stamens rarely ) TriAtinRPAH* 9f 

twice as many) ) 

Styles or stigmas 5: 5 akenes separating when ripe Geraniaceae, 28 

2. Ovary and fruit inferior or mainly so. 

Shrubs: sepals, petals and stamens each 4 or 5: leaves simple. 

Stamens opposite the small clawed petals: style 3-cleft Rhamnaceae, 29 

Sepals petaloid: ovary globose: styles or stigmas 2 Saxifragaceae, 36 

Sepals, petals and stamens 4 each: the flowers in cymes or in ?n ornaceae 44 

heads with a white involucre ) 

Herbs. Sepals 5: petals 5: styles 2 to 5: leaves simple Saxifragaceae, 36 

Flowers or flower clusters axillary 

Flower parts in 2's or 4's, small: aquatic: leaves whorled .Halorageae, 38 



GAMOPETAL^J. 13 

Flower parts in 4's (rarely in 2's or 6's): style 1 Onagraceae, 39 

Flowers monoecious: climbing by tendrils Cucurbitaceae, 43 

Flowers with 2 sepals and 5 petals: fleshy herbs Portulacaceae, 26 

Flowers in umbels or heads not axillary 

Flowers in umbels or heads: petals 5: stamens 5. 

Styles 2: fruit dry Umbelliferae, 44 

Styles 2 to 5: fruit juicy Araliaceae, 43 

Flowers in a head with involucre of 4 white leaves Cornaceae, 44 



DIVISION 2.-GAMOPETALJE. 

A. OVARY INFERIOR, (adherent to the calyx) or mainly so. 

Stamens 8 or 10: corolla-lobes 4 or 5: shrubs Ericaceae, 48 

Stamens 10, those alternate with small corolla-lobes sterile, inflexed Samolus, 142 

Stamens 5 (rarely 4) united into a tube. 

Style 2-cleft: flowers in a flower-like head Compositae, 46 

Style and stigma entire: flowers irregular Lobeliaceae, 47 

Stamens 4 or 5, distinct, growing at the base of the corolla Campanulaceae, 48 

Stamens on the corolla-tube: leaves opposite or whorled. 

Leaves connate; corolla 4-lobed; stiff, prickly herbs Dipsacus, 46 

Leaves opposite, corolla mostly 5-lobed Caprifcliaceae, 45 

Leaves whorled or sometimes opposite: corolla 4-lobed ...... . Rubiaceae, 45 

Leaves unequal: prostrate: calyx corolla-like Abronia, 69 

Stamens only 3: corolla 5-Q lobed; calyx-lobes minute or none. Herbs. 

Leaves opposite; stamens distinct: erect herbs Valerianaceae, 46 

Leaves palmately nerved, alternate: tendril-bearing vines. ..Cucurbitaceae, 43 

Stamens apparently 1, really 3 united: flowers monoecious Cucurbitaceae, 43 

B. OVARY SUPERIOR (free from the calyx) or nearly so. 

1. Flowers regular or nearly so. 

* Stamens many, united, and adherent to the petals Malvaceae, 27 

** Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla. 

Corolla bell-shaped or inflated ovoid Ericaceae, 48 

Corolla deeply 5-8 cleft, the base united with the filaments Styracaceae, 50 

Corolla 5-cleft: pistils or styles 5; fleshy herbs Crassulaceae, 38 



14 GAMOPETALiE. 

* * * Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes. 

a. Style 1, stigma 1: lea/less, root-parasite Pholisma, 140 

b. Style 1, stigma 1: leaves entire (lobed in the first and last.) 

Leaves mostly radical, reaiform: stamens unequal Romanzoffia, 152 

Leaves radical or crowned on rootstocks: flowers salverform Primulaceae, 49 

Leaves all radical; flowers spicate, colorless, scarious Plantaginaceae, 67 

corolla reflexed: anthers purple-black Dodecatheon, 50 

Leaves alternate. Spikes coiled: ovary in 4 parts Borraginaceae, 57 

Flowers rotate to funnelform or tubular Solanaceae, 60 

Tall shrub: 3 to 5 calyx-like bracts: flowers yellow. .Fremontia, 100 

Tall shrub: slightly irregular, nearly white or rose / -p ; rappf p 4a 

flowers ! 

Small herb: minute axillary flowers, the parts in ^p . , .^ 

fours t 

Leaves opposite (at least below) entire: juice milky: ovaries 2; stigmas united. 

Flowers white or pinkish in terminal cymose clusters. ..... . Apocynaceae, 50 

Flowers in umbels: sepals and petals reflexed or rotate. . . . Asclepiadaceae, 51 

Leaves oppposite, ovate to lanceolate, sessile; flowers rotate, axillary .Primulaceae, 49 

Leaves clustered at the top of the stem, bracts below: corolla rotate. Primulaceae, 49 

c. Style one or none, stigmas two. 

Leaves opposite or whoiled, sessile, entire Gentianaceae, 51 

Leaves opposite, lobed: flowers small in spikes . , Verbenaceae, 67 

Leaves alternate or radical, 3-foliolate: corolla bearded Menyanthes, 145 

Leaves alternate. Flowers not axillary Hydropyllaceae. 54 

Flowers in a head with acerose bracts Gilia, 145 

Flowers funnelform: twining or creeping vines Convolvidus. 156 

Leaves radical: flowers solitary on scapes Hesperochiron, 152 

d. Style 1, stigmas 3 Polemoniaceae, 5 1 

e. Style 2 cleft Hydrophyllaceae, 54 

/. Styles 2: leaves simple and alternate or none (i. e. Parasite). 

Flowers solitary, axillary, white: leaves silky Cressa, 156 

Flowers clustered on filiform, leafless orange or yellow twining stems ...... Cuscuta, 156 

Flowers 5 or 6 lines long: shrubs or wood-based herbs Hydrophyllaceae, 54 

g. Styles 5: calyx not green, petals nearly distinct Plumbaginaceae, 49 

* * * * Stamens fewer than the lobes of the regular or slightly irregular corolla. 

Stamens 4: flowers in slender spikes: leaves opposite, lobed Verbenaceae, 67 

♦Stamens 3: style 3-cleft: sepals 2: leaves opposite, entire Monlia, 97 



APETALiE. 15 

Stamens 2 or 4: ovary 2-celled Scrophulariaceae, GO 

Stamens 2 or 3: scarious corolla, 4-lobed Plantaginaceae, 67 

2. Flowers irregular: style 1; stigma entire or 2-lobed. 

Leaves or scales not opposite. 

Corolla flattened, heart shaped: stamens 6, united in 3's Dicentra, 84 

Corolla curved; leafless root-parasites: stamens 4. . Orobanchaceae. 65 

Corolla more or less 2-lipped: ovary 2-celled: stamens 2-5 . Scrophulariaceae, 60 

Ovary inferior, stemlike liobeliaceae, 47 

Corolla 2-lipped, spurred: ovary 1-celled: stamens 2: aquatic .. Lentibulariaceee, 65 

Leaves opposite or whorled: stamens 2 or 4. 

Ovary 2-celled Scrophulariaceae, 60 

Ovary 4-parted, forming 4 seed -like nutlets Labiatae, 65 

Ovary 2-4 lobed: small flowers in spikes or heads Verbenaeeas, 67 

DIVISION 3-APETAL^E. 

A. OVARY INFERIOR (calyx adherent) or apparently so. 

Leaves cordate: calyx 3-lobed: ovary 6-celled AristolochiaceaB, 63 

Leaves palmately lobed: tendril-bearing vines Cucurbitaceae, 43 

Leaves pinnate: calyx- tube 3-4 angled, prickly Rosacaae, 35 

Leaves unequally pinnatifid: calyx-tube in fertile flowers 3-toothed Datisca, 43 

Leaves glaucous: white flowers in clustered umbels Comandra. 

Leaves small, crenate: capsule axillary, obcordate Chrysosplenium, 121 

Leaves opposite. Calyx salver form: capsule 1 -seeded Nyctaginaceae, 68 

Calyx 4-lobed: stamens 4: flowers axillary Ludwigia, 125 

Calyx (corolla) tubular to rotate Caprifoliaceae, 45 

Leaves in whorls. Calyx 4-lobed or entire. Aquatic Halorageae, 38 

B. OVARY SUPERIOR (free from the calyx). 

a. Herbs: leaves alternate, radical or in a whorl. 

Sepals petaloid, persistent; akene 1, 3-sided or flat , Polygonaceae, 69 

persistent: fleshy root parasite, waxy-white bracts Allotropa, 13Q 

deciduous: carpels several or many Ranunculaceae, 17 

Sepals green: racemes close: capsules flat: 1-2 celled Crucifereae, 21 

minute flowers opposite the leaves . Alchemilla, 117 

Sepals green, 3 larger, spine-tipped; short style, bifid Illecebraceae, 25 

Sepals none: dense oblong spike with petaloid involucre Anemopsis, 71 

spike naked: radical leaf, 3-foliate Achlys, 82 



16 ENDOGENS OR MONOCOTYLEDONS. 

b. Herbs: leaves opposite, entire: capsule 1-celled except in the last. 

Stems square: calyx 4-toothed, with smaller teeth between, axillary . . . .Ammania, 124 

Involucre calyx-like or surrounding a head of flowers Nyctaginaceae, 68 

Flowers small, axillary, sessile, white: stigma 1 Glaux, 141 

Flowers green, terminal: stigmas 3 to 5 Caryophyllaceae, 24 

Flowers purplish, in axillary clusters, minute. . f Illecebraceae, 25 

Flowers axillary: capsule 3-5 celled Ficoideae, 43 

c. Shrubs or trees: leaves alternate, entire {except in the last): /lowers perfect. 

Calyx tubular, bearing the stamens: akene plumose-tailed Cerocarpus, 115 

Calyx 6-parted, yellowish: leaves very aromatic Lauraceae, 71 

Calyx 4-5 cleft, greenish: fruit berry-like, 2-4 seeded Rhamnaceae, 29 

Calyx 3-4 lobed, yellow: stamens 6 to 12, exserted Dirca palnstris. 

Calyx 5-cleft, large, yellow: stamens 5, united : Sterculiaceae, 28 

d, Trees cr woody climbers with opposite pinnate leaves. 

Trees: flowers dicecious, winged fruit in drooping panicles Oleaceae, 50 

flowers perfect: fruit 2-winged, 2-seeded Sapindaceae, 30 

Climbers: sepals 4: stamens and pistils many, akenes tailed Clematis, 79 

e. Dioecious shrubs with drooping silky grey aments Garrya, 131 



CLASS II— EXDOGENS OR MOXOCOTYLEDONS. 

A. OVARY SUPERIOR. 

Pistils 8 to many distinct or united carpels; flowers in whorls Alismaceae, 72 

Pistil 3-carpeled, ovary 3-celled, or at least 3-sided. Liliaceae, 73 

Pistil 2-celled: red flowers in an umbel Clintonia, ] 88 

small perianth, 4-parted: stamens 4 , Maiantliemum, 184 

B. OVARY INFERIOR. 

Flowers irregular: anthers 1 or 2 on the pistil Orchidaceae, 72 

Flowers regular: anthers 3, extrorse , Iridaceae, 73 




Ho l<rcL c s <}*<*#• 



t(ol&di Setts, 



DESCRIPTIONS OF THE ORDERS 



OF 



WEST COAST PLANTS 



SPECIES NAMED SINCE 1886. 



DIVISION I. POLYPETALiE. 



RAXU^CULACE^l. 

Herbs or shrubs, with colorless juice: foliage various: stipules none: organs of the 
flower free and distinct; sepals, petals and carpels, few or many, not united: stamens 
numerous: petals sometimes wanting, then the sepals are usually petaloid; anthers 
short and adnate; seeds with minute embryos in fleshy albumen. Key to genera and 
species, p. 79. 

Anemone nemorosa of the Atlantic slope differs from 
the Pacific form, which is considered worthy to be called a 
separate species by some botanists, viz: A. Grayi. 

Ranunculus maximus, Greene, has akenes, with ] 
nearly straight long beaks like those of R. orthorhyncus, 
of which species it may be a variety. 

Thalictrum hesperium, Greene, is distinguished from 
T. polycarpum by an ill-scented, not aromatic, odor. 

T. Caesium, Greene, of the Sierra Nevada foot-hills, is 
odorless. 

Botany —2 




Delphinium nudieaule. 



18 NYMPHiE ACEM. 



DELPHINIUM. 



D. hesperium, Gray. Stem slender: herbage canescent: leaves small, much dis- 
sected into linear obtuse lobes: racemes long, dense: spur of the deep blue or pinkish 
flowers, stout, straight, about as long as the sepals: carpels hairy. Flowering in June. 

D. Hanseni. Greene. Distinguished by white burr-like seeds. 

D. Blochmanae, Greene. A foot high: large flowers in a strict short raceme, the 
inner light blue sepals, and the white petals with conspicuously crisped margins. San 
Luis Obispo Co. 

D. distichum, Geyer. Flowers somewhat 2-ranked: spur 9 lines long, straight, 
twice the length of the sepals. Northern Coast. 

D. ulignosum, Carran. Leaves fan-shaped, 3-cleft, the segments 3-toothed: the 
rather large deep blue flowers with straight spurs equaling the sepals. Wet ground 
Lake Co. 

COPTIS. 

C. laciniata, Gray. Leaves trifoliolate, ovate, nearly 3-parted, the segments 
incised: sepals and petals linear-attenuate. Rare from Humboldt Bay northward. 



BERBERIDACE^: • 

Shrubs or herbs, with compound alternate exstipulate leaves; flowers remarkable for 
having the bracts, sepals, petals and stamens before each other, instead of alternating. 
Key to genera and species, p. 82. 

Our species of Berberis are very different in appearance from the scarlet-fruited 
Barberry of Europe and the Atlantic States, which is often cultivated. 

Vancouveria parviflora, Greene, may be considered a variety of V. hexandra. 



NYMPHiEACE^E. 

Aquatic perennial herbs, with peltate or deeply cordate leaves; solitary axillary 
perfect flowers on long peduncles. Stamens numerous. 

Water-Shield (Brcwenia peltata, Pursh. ) May be found in ponds. Its elliptical, 
peltate, floating leaves (green above and brownish-red beneath) and its jelly-coated 
stems characterize it quite well enough. 

The Yellow Poinl Lily [Nuphar poly sepal urn) Engl.) is more common. It is Nym- 
phaea polysepala, of the Bay-Reg. Bot. Key to genera and species, p. 82. 



PAPAVERACE.E. 

SARACENIACJE^. 



19 



A small order of bog plants, remarkable for their pitcher-shaped, tubular aud hooded 
leaves which entrap insects. Key to genera and species, p. 83. 




On the left above is represented 

an opening bud of Eschscholtzia. 

The cap-like calyx has been split 

at the bottom and shoved upward 

by the expanding petals. Next 

to this bud is an open flower of 
Meconopsis and one of its nodding buds. Behind the flower, and projecting above it to 
the right, is a stem from which the petals have just fallen. The slender filaments bend- 
ing to one side, as they often do, show the curious pistil, which in time becomes the 
pretty fluted capsule seen below. To the right of the Meconopsis pod is the three 
sided capsule of Platystigma lineare. The stem should have a few hairs upon it. The 
two flowers with hairy stems, the nodding buds below, and the rough seed pod above, 
belong to Platystemon. Observe the three caducous sepals, just ready to drop from the 
opening bud. The smooth plant on the right is Platystigma Californicum. If you 
choose you may call this the Smooth Platystigma, and the other species, with the tri- 



20 FUMARIACE.E. 

angular pod, Hairy Platystigma. The exceedingly prickly Bristly Argemone is repre- 
sented on the right, below, by a bud and a couple of bracts. A pistil with its white 
prickles is imperfectly shown against one of the bracts. 

The Order Papaveracese is characterized by flowers with 2 or 3 caducous sepals, 
twice as many free petals in two sets, indefinite, usually numerous, free stamens, and a 
compound pistil. In Eschsclioltzia the sepals are united, and the stamens adhere to the 
claws of the petals. 

This small but interesting order of plants, with the exception of one species, is con- 
fined to the northern hemisphere. Fifteen species, belonging to eleven genera, are 
natives of the United States, and several European species have become naturalized. 
Eschsclioltzia and Platystemon are the most widely distributed of the California 
genera. Key to genera and species, p. 83. 

PAP AVER and MECONOPSIS. 

Our species of Meconopsis is put by Greene with the true poppies in the genus 
Papaver. He thinks with Bentham that the small erect flowering form is a separate 
species, \iz: P. crassifolium. 

Two more species of Papaver may be added. 

P. Calif or nicum, Gray. 1-2^ feet high; leafy below: peduncles long: corolla 2 
inches broad, brick red with green spots at the base: stigmas sessile and radiating. 

P. Lernmoni. Greene. Larger: stigmas 7-10, their lower half sessile and radiant 
upon the pod, the upper half coherent and forming a conical apiculation. 

PLATYSTEMON, PLATYSTIGMA and ESCHSCHOLTZIA. 

Prof. Greene unites the genus Platystigma with Platystemon and adds a new 
species. 

P. Torreyi, Greene. Glabrous: the three carpels united to form a slender, twisted 
pod. 

Botanists will probably never agree about the number of species of Eschscholtzia. 



FUMARIACEJE. 

Tender herbs with dissected compound leaves, and irregular hypogynous flowers, the 
parts in twos, except the 6 diadelphous stamens. 
Key to genera and species, p. 84. 
Dicentra is Capnorchis in Greene's Bay Region Botany. 



CRUCIFERE^E. 

CRUCIFER^E. 



21 



I 9 




If® c0 





Upper Fig. — a, indehiscent pod of Raphanus 
Raphanistrum; 6, pod (silicle) of Capsella 
Bursa-pastoris; c, pod of Capsella divaricata; 
d, pod (silique) of Tropidocarpum, flattened 
contrary to the partition; e, pod of Cardamine 
paucisecta, flattened parallel with the partition 
(septum); /, two pods (silicle) of Lepidium 
nitidum, and two partitions from which the valves have fallen, showing that there was 
one seed in each cell; g, pod of Lepidium latipes, showing the broad pedicel which 
suggested the specific name; h, a branch of Thysanocarpus pusillus, with four of its 
1 -seeded pods; ?', one of the pods magnified to show the hooked hairs; j, pod of Thys- 
anocarpus curvipes. Right-hand Fig. — Cardamine paucisecta. 

Herbs with pungent watery juice. Sepals 4. Petals 4, with blade narrowed into a 
claw, the lamina spreading to form a cross, sometimes unequal, rarely wanting. 
Stamens 6, two of them inserted lower down on the receptacle, and usually shorter 



22 CRUCIFER.E. 

than the other four, rarely only 4 or '2. Ovary 2-celled by a thin partition, rarely 1- 
celled. Leaves alternate, and flowers usually in racemes without bracts. 

A careful examination of the fruit is usually necessary for a determination of the 
species in this difficult order. Key to genera and species, p. S4. 

In Tropidocarpum only are the flowers solitary and axillary. 

T. capparideum, Greene, is distinguished by inflated pods mnch shorter than 
represented at d in the figure, and opening from above. Perhaps only a variety. 

Under Thelypodium the following species may be added: — T. Hookeri, Greene. 
Distinguished from T. jlavescens by broader sepals which with the pedicils are smooth; 
broader claw and narrower blade of petals and longer pods: perhaps only the Monte 
Diablo form of the latter species. T. rigidum. Greene. Stout and very rigid, 1-3 feet 
high; pods nearly sessile, 1J inch long, rigid, sharply tipped with the short style. 
Monte Diablo. 

The perennial species of Cardamine in Bay Region Botany may be considered 
forms of C. paucisecta. The species of Streptanthus are so variable that botanists differ 
widely as to their limits. Their irregular flowers make them worthy of the special 
attention of students who are interested in the relat ons between flowers and insects. 
What insects are accommodated by this irregularity? The flowers vary from white to 
nearly black in color. Are these forms — for they certainly were one form and color 
not long ago — found growing together? Are they visited by different insects? 

Prof. Greene adds in Bay-Reg. Bot. seven species, viz: 

S. barbiger. Stem leaves linear, entire; sepals equal, greenish, the acuminate tips 
whitish and recurved: petals white: filaments dark purple. Near St. Helena. 

S. suffrutescens. Perennial stems with a stout leafy persistent truuk, bearing 
longer flowering branches: stem-leaves cuneate-obovate, coarsely serrate; floral leaves, 
round cordate or narrower. Collected by Bioletti on Hood's Peak, Sonoma Co. 

S. albidus. Distinguished from S. niger by white not dark purple sepals, the 
anthers of the united pair of stamens bearing pollen. Found only on Oak Hills near 
San Jose. 

S. Mildredae. Slender, less than two feet high: small flowers, very dark metallic, 
purple: slender petals, white-margined. Mt. Hamilton. 

S. Biolettii. Similar to S. glandulosus: more slender racemes, not one-sided: sepals 
darker, smaller. Hood's Peak. 

S. pulchellus. A foot or less in height, much branched: slender leaves with a iew 
coarse teeth: calyx lilac purple, the sepals nearly equal. Mt. Tamalpais, on south side. 

S. secundus. Lower leaves pinnately lobed or toothed: racemes of flesh-colored 
flowers, one-sided: lovver sepal clawed. North side of Mt. Tamalpais. 

These, excepting possibly the lir^t two, may be considered as forms of S. Glandu- 
losus. 



VIOLACE.E. 23 

Common water-cress, naturalized everywhere, is Nasturtium oSicinale. The 
yellow-flowered species of that genus are put in Gesner's genus, Roripa, by Greene in 
his Bay-Reg. BoL, and one species is added, viz: 

R. dictyota. Two to four feet high: pods ovate lanceolate. Marshes of the lower 
Sacramento. 

R. lyrata may be a variety of 2\T. curvisilequa. 

High authority enables us to shorten the cumbrous name, Capsella Bursa-Pastoris into 
Bursa pastoris, which exactly means shepherd's purse. 

Cheiranthus asper, C. & S., is Erysimum asperum of Bay-Reg. Bot, but there 
confined to the tall form with usually orange flowers. According to Greene (Pittonia, 
Vol. Ill, Part 15, p, 131) the low perennial common along the coast with cream-colored 
to sulphur-yellow flowers is C. capitatus, Douglas. 

C. angustatus, Greene. Slender perennial 2 feet high, or more; leaves narrow entire 
or nearly so. Corolla large, yellow, a little one-sided. San Joaquin River. 

C. Calfornicus, Greene. Stout, biennial, strongly angled; leaves runcinately 
toothed; pods sharply 4-angled. 

C. Occidentalis, Watson. A low annual with winged seeds. Or. and Washington. 

Our species of VE SIC ARIA may now bear the generic name LESQTJERELliA. 

Caulanthus Liemmoni, Wat., Glaucous, 1 or 2 feet high: sepals brownish purple, 
spreading or reflexed; narrow petals undulate 6 to 8 lines long, white, brown veined 
pods 2J to 5 inches long: stigmas spreading. 

CAPPARIDACEiE. 

Herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves: differing from Cruciferse in equal stamens, pods 
on stipes and pedicils commonly bracteate. Plants of this order are mostly in the 
warm- temperate and tropical regions, while the Cruciferse are mostly found in the cool, 
temperate and polar regions. Key to genera and species, p. 90. 



CISTACE^. 

Flowers perfect and regular. Sepals 5, persistent; and two of them smaller, wholly 
exterior, and bract-like. Petals 5, usually ephemeral. Stamens indefinite, with fili- 
form filaments; anthers short. Style one. Capsule 3-valved. See p. 91. 



VIOLACE^E. 

Herbs distinguiohed by the irregular one-spurred corolla of five petals, 5 stamens, 
adnate introrse anthers conniving over the pistil, which has a club-shaped style with a 



24 CARYOPHYLLACE.E. 

one-sided stigma, a one-celled ovary, forming a capsule, which splits at maturity into 
three parts. Key to genera and species, p. 91. 

Add after the third species of Viola V. Howellii, Gray. A blue violet with a very 
short, thick spur. Oregon. 

POLYGALACEJE. 

Herbs or shrubs, with simple entire exstipuiate leaves, remarkable for the flowers 
which appear like those of the Pea family, but the structure is very different. — Leaves 
simple, entire: stamens less than ten: pistil 2-carpelled. Key to genera and species, p. 91. 



FRANKENIACEJE. 

Sessile, small, opposite leaves: small flowers, sessile, in the axils of the numerous 
branches: ribbed calyx, tubular. See p. 92. 



CARYOPHYLLACE^]. 

Herbs with regular and mostly perfect flowers, persistent calyx, its parts and the 
petals 4 or 5 and imbricated, or the latter sometimes convolute in the bud, the distinct 
stamens commonly twice as many as the petals, ovary 1-celled with a free central 
placenta. Stems usually swollen at the nodes. Leaves opposite, often united at the 
base by a transverse line, in one group, with interposed scarious stipules. Styles 2 to 5, 
mostly distinct. Fruit a capsule opening by valves, or by teeth at the summit. Flowers 
terminal, or in the forks, or in cymes. Key to genera and species, p. 92. 

SILENE. 

Silene racemosa, Otto, an annual, has deeply bifid white petals: fragrant. Intro- 
duced. Berkeley. 

S. multinervis, Watson. Ovoid calyx conspicuously 20-25 nerved: small purplish 
petals, not appendaged. 

S. inflata, Smith. Slender perennial: calyx ovoid: large white petals, bifid. Nat- 
uralized. Vallejo. 

S. Luisana, Wat. Perennial, glandular-pubescent: calyx teeth, with membranous 
ciliate margin: white petals, bifid. San Luis Obispo, Monterey. 

S. Bernardina, Wat. Perennial, glandular-pubescent: petals greenish, cleft into 
4 equal narrow lodes, appendages nearly half the length of the blade, 2-parted, the 
inner segment lacerate. Long Meadow, Tulare Co. 



HYPERICACE.E. 25 

S. Suksdorfii, Robinson. Low, densely matted, alpine, stem leaves usually 2 pairs, 
linear, 3-7 lines long, a line wide: radical leaves, crowded: petals white, slightly bifid. 

POLYCARPON. 

Polycarpon tetraphyllum, Liun. Lower leaves nearly in whorls of 4: branches 
3-7 inches long. Naturalized. 

LYCHNIS. 

Lychnis Githago, Lam. (Agrostemma Bay- Reg. Bot.) Corn-Cockle. Erect 2-4 
feet high: slender leaves, united at base: calyx over an inch long, the slender lobes sur- 
passing the purple uuappendaged petals. A naturalized weed. 

Saponaria Vaccaria is Vaccaria vulgaris; Stellaria is Alsine; Sagina is 
Alsinella; and Lepigonum is Tissa in Bay-Reg. Bot. Prof. Greene describes nine 
species of the last growing in Bay region. All these, with L. gracile, may be con- 
sidered varieties of two species, or even of one. Authorities have not decided whether 
Tissa or Buda shall take the place of Lepigonum as the generic name of these 
interesting plants. 

ILLECEBR ACE^E . 

Leaves opposite or alternate, pungent, small: flowers inconspicuous, axillary; petals 
wanting or rudimentary: style undivided or 2-cleft: fruit 1-seeded. Key to genera and 
species, p. 96. 

Add: Paronychia Chilensis, D. C. Leaves opposite, on tough, short- jointed, suf- 
frutescent stems: purplish calyx, minute. Presidio, San Francisco. 

Herniaria cineria, D. C. Slender annual: ashy leaves and flowers, minute. 
Introduced. Monte Diablo. 

HYPERICACE^E. 

Herbs or shrubs, with opposite, entire, punctate leaves, no stipules and perfect 
flowers with 4 or 5 petals and numerous stamens, the fruit a septicidal many-seeded 
capsule. Calyx of 4 or 5 persistent sepals. Filaments mostly in 3 sets. Styles 2 to 5, 
usually distinct. Key to genera and species, p. 98. 

HYPERICUM. 

Hypericum mutilum, Linn., has been found in Solano County by Jepson. 
Stamens only 5-12, distinct. 



26 



ELATINACE.E. 



PORTULACACE^E. 

Succulent herbs, with simple and entire leaves, 
and regular but a asymmetrical perfect flowers; 
tiie sepals only 2, the petals 2 to 5 or more; the 
stamens opposite the petals when of the same 
number: the ovary 1-celled. Stamens sometimes 
indefinitely numerous, commonly adhering to the 
base of the petals, these sometimes united at the 
base. Style 2-8 cleft. Stipules none. Key to 
genera aud species, p. 96. 

CALANDRINIA. 

Calandrinia Howellii, Wat., is distinguished 
from C. cotyledon by narrower leaves, with sca- 
rious margin crisped. 

Calandrinia elegans, Spach., is the larger, 
stouter form of C. Menziesii, Hooker. Greene 
confines the latter to the very small-flowered 
dwarf form. 

CLAYTONIA. 

Claytonia spathulata is equivalent to C. 
gypsophiloides of Bay-Reg. Bot. It lias rose- 
pnrple petals, three times as long as the calyx. 
C. exigua is probably C. spathulata of Prof. 
Greene's book. He adds C. nubigena, which 
is described as similar to C. perfoliata, but 
smaller, with linear radical leaves. 

C. Hallii. Gray, comes next to C. Chamissonis. Leaves, 2 or 3 pairs: seeds 1 or 2. 

For C. Nevadensis substitute C. asarifolia, Bongard. 

Perhaps Claytonia and Montia will be united under the latter (older) name. 

Spraguea, too, for a similar reason may be merged in Calyptridemn. C. tetra- 
petatum of Bny-Req. Bot. is C. quadripetalum of this book. 

Montia parvifolia, Greene, has petioled leaves and larger flowers than M. fon- 
tana. 




ELATIXACE^E. 



Low annuals growing in water or wet ground, 
genera and species, p. 98. 



Flowers minute, axillary* Key to 



MALVACEAE. 



27 



MALVACEAE. 

Her1>s or shrubs with alternate stipulate leaves; dis- 
tinguished by the valvate calyx, convolute petals, their 
bases or short claws united with the base of a column 
of many united stamens, these with reniform anthers. 
Calyx 5-cleft or parted, persistent, with sometimes a 
calyx-like involucel of bracts. Petals 4, usually with- 
ering without falling off. Pistil usually either a ring 
of ovaries around a projecting receptacle or a 3-10 
celled ovary: styles united at least at the base. Leaves 
usually palmately ribbed. Flowers axillary. 

Cotton is the most notable plant in this order. Key 
to genera and species, p. 98. 




Lower Fig.— a. Fruit of Malva 
borealis. b. Same, showing the 
"bracts of the persistent calvx. 
c. Kellogg's Lavatera. (L. assur- 
gentiflora.) 



MALVA. 

Malva parvifiora. Linn., is distinguished from M* 
borealis by the calyx lobes spreading away from the 
fruit and the smaller flowers. 

Malva rotundifolia, Linn., is distinguished from 
rounded on the back, so as to make the fruit somewhat scalloped. 

The so-called Marsh mallow is not a Malva, and would better be called Mai 
hock. It probably does not grow on this coast. 



these two species by akenes 
Holhj- 



SIDALCEA. 

S. Heiidersoni Wat. Simple stems, 3-4 feet high, glabrous: flowers 9-12 lines 
long: carpels smooth and beaked. Oregon. 

S. Hickmanii, Greene. Rough with stellate hairs: stem leaves round fan-shaped: 
racemes numerous, axillary and terminal, few flowered: short pedicels, subtended by 3 
slender bractlets, 5 lines long: corolla an inch broad: akenes nearly orbicular. Canyons 
of Salinas Valley. 

S. secundiflora, Greene, is var. mhwr of S. diplosci/pha, in this book. 



MALVASTRUM. 

M. Parryi, Greene. Annual: purplish and rough hairy branches, 1-2 feet long: 
hoary with stellate hairs: flowers mostly solitary on peduncles 1-4 inches long: involucel 
of 3 slender bracts: petals deep purple, 5-9 lines long: carpels 15-20. 



28 GERANIACEJE. 

M. arcuatum, Greene, similar to M. Thurberi, but the leaves with rounded, not 
angular lobes, and only half as large. 

Malvastrum is put under Malveopsis in Bay-Reg. Bot. Malveopsis fascicula- 
tum of that book is Malvastrum Thurberi of this. 

Abutilon Theophrasti, Medic, a large weed, native of India, is reported as intro- 
duced about Santa Rosa. It has large velvety leaves and yellow flowers. 

MODIOLA. 

M. multifida, Moench. Calyx bracts 3: leaves deeply cleft, the lobes toothed: 
corolla a half inch broad, rose color. Streets of San Jose. Chas. Jared. 



STERCUJLIACE^E. 

Fremontia grows on Mt. St. Helena, near the Great Western mine. Specimens an 1 
description furnished by Miss L. A. Martin show the form there to be smaller and much 
less beautiful than the Sierra Nevada form. See key to genera and species, p. 100. 



LINACE^E. 

Parts of the flower 5, except sometimes in the pistil. Filaments united at the base, 
with commonly alternating teeth. Styles 5, or sometimes only 2 or 3, distinct or united. 
Stigmas capitate or oblong: ovary globose. Seeds twice as many as the styles. Herbs 
with sessile entire leaves without stipules, and cymose or panicled flowers. Key to 
genera and species, p. 100. 

Linum perenne is L. Lewisii, in Bay-Reg. Bot. 



GERANIACEJE. 

Flowers perfect on axillary peduncles, regular (in our species) and symmetrical, the 
parts in fives. Stamens mostly in two sets, those alternate wfth the petals sometimes 
sterile. Ovary deeply lobed, with a prolonged axis, or 5-celled. Key to genera and 
species, p. 101. 

According to Greene in Bay-Reg. Bot. the following geraniums of the Old World have 
become established. 

G. dissectum, Linn. Over a foot high, distinguished from G\ Carolinianum by 
larger red-purple flowers, the petals more deeply emarginate. 

G. molle, Linn. Soft hairy, slender: flowers small, rose-red. 

G\ retrorsum, L'Her. Perennial, very small flowers. 



VITA-CEiE. 29 

Greene makes a new native species of Er odium (E. Californicum) distinguished 
from E. macrophyllum by deep rose-red flowers, instead of dull- white. 

Limnanthes is Floerkea in Bay-Reg. Bot., and Oxalis is Oxys. 

Oxalis Oregana has usually solitary flowers on 2-bracteate scapes. O. trillifolia 
has flowers in bracteate umbels. 

RUTACE^E. 

Pellucid or glandular-dotted aromatic leaves, along with definite hypogynous stamens 
characterize this order, although some of the orange-tribe have many stamens. Shrubs 
or trees. Key to genera and species, p. 101 . 



CELASTRACE^E. 

Shrubs with simple undivided leaves and dull-colored or white flowers. Sepals, 
petals and stamens 4 or 5: stamens on a disk. Key to genera and species, p. 102. 



rhammcej:. 

Shrubs or small trees, with simple undivided leaves, small and often caducous stipules, 
and small regular flowers, the stamens borne on the calyx aud alternate with its lobes: 
ovary 2 to 4-celled. Flowers often apetalous: a conspicuous disk adnate to the short 
tube of the calyx: petals often clawed: style or stigma 2-4 lobed: fruit berry-like or 
dry, containing 2 to 4 seed-like nutlets. Key to genera and species, p. 102. 

According to Greene, Rhamnus ilicifolia, Kellogg, may be distinguished from R. 
crocea by its greater size, the latter only 2 or 3 feet high, and the parts of the flower 
in 5's, not 4's. 

Rhamnus Purshiana is Cascara sagrada, by far the most notable medicinal plant 
of this coast. 

R. Californica is absurdly called California Coffee, 



VITACE^E. 

This small order is represented on this coast by one species, Vitis Californica, 
known as the California grape. In the Atlantic states there are half a dozen species, 
lu Europe probably no native species. Virginia Creeper, Ampelopsis qumquefolia, com- 
monly cultivated, belongs to this order. Botanists think all the wine and raisin grapes 
cultivated in Europe are varieties of one or two species. Isabella, Catawba and other 



30 



LEGUMINOS.E. 



cultivated grapes, known as American grapes, are varieties of V. labrusca of the 
Atlantic States. 




In the figure a represents the fruit of 
Ac:r macrophyllum, b the wider spread 
ing samara of Acer cere in at inn, and c 
the closer wings of Negundo Californi- 
cum. The first has hairy carpels; the 
second is smooth, and the last slightly 
hairy, 



SAPINDACE^E. 

Trees or shrubs with opposite, compound or 
palmately lobed leaves: sepals 5: petals 4 or 5: 
pistil 2-3 carpelled. 

The flowers and fruit of our common Buckeye 
are very interesting. A bunch of several hun- 
dred flowers usually produces but one fruit; and 
this, formed of three carpels containing six ovules, 
rarely ripens more than one seed. The genus 
Negundo is united wifh Acer in Bay-Reg. Bot., 
and -ZEsculus is Hippocastanum. Key to 
genera and species, p. 103. 

AXARCARDIACE^E. 

Shrubs or trees with resinous and often poison- 
ous juice, alternate leaves and small flowers. 
Rhus diversiloba (Poison Oak) is the most com- 
mon species. A poisonous species in Japan fur- 
nishes the remarkable Japan varnish. Key to 
genera and species, p. 104. 



LEGIMIXOS^E. 

The single and simple free pistil becoming a legume in fruit, the alternate leaves with 
stipules, and in our genera, the papilionaceous corolla with 10 stameus, mark this order, 
one of the largest and most important in the vegetable kingdom. 

Flowers irregular. Calyx 3-4 cleft or toothed, persistent. Corolla of 5 petals, the 
Tipper large and always external, covering the lateral pair in the bud, and these cover- 
ing the lower pair which are more or less united, forming a keel which incloses the 
stamens and pistil. Filaments 10, rarely 5, commonly united around the pistil, either 
all united or nine and the upper one free. Ovary forming a pod with a single row of 
seeds attached to one side: style usually inflexed or curved. In Cercis the upper petal 
is small and enclosed by the wings. In Amorpha there is but one petal. 

Suborder Coesalpinae is marked by the upper petal enclosed and distinct stamens. 

Suborder MimoseaB has regular flowers and usually many conspicuous stamens. 



LEGUMINQS.E. 



31 






Fic. A. On the left is Rosackia 

subpinna'.a, showing a full-grown 

pod and a flower as seen from above. 

On the right is a pod and flowers 

of Rosackia Purshiana. At a is a 

single flower with its bract as seen 

from the front. The lower leaves 

and bracts are larger. 

Fig. B. A head of Tri folium fuca- 

A tum,with all but three of the flowers 

removed, showing the common receptacle and the involucre. 

Fig. C. An axillary spike of Astragalus didymocarpus, with ripe fruit. Below 
is one of the pods magnified. 

This order is remarkable for the number of useful and beautiful plants 
which belong to it. Pease, beans, lentils, peanuts, clover, alfalfa, etc., 
furnish food for man and domestic animals. Tropical plants of this 
order supply, among others, the following articles of commerce: Gum 
arabic, gum Senegal, gum copal, dragon's blood, indigo, logwood, brazil- 
wood, rosewood, tamarind. Many species have medical value, as senna, 
catchu, copaiba, etc. 

There are over 6,000 species of leguminous plants, mostly tropical. 
About 350 species are natives of the United States, more than half of 
which are found in California. Only 4 or 5 species are common to this 
coast and the Atlantic States, and these have forms peculiar to each 
coast. Our 180 species are grouped under 14 genera, while the 150 species 
of the East (/. <?., the Mississippi States and eastward to the Atlantic), 
represent 50 genera. There are about 40 species of lupine, and the same 
number belonging to the genus Astragalus, growing within the limits of 
this State. Only 2 kinds of the former and 4 of the latter grow east 
of the Mississippi. The latter is the largest American genus of the 



32 LUPINUS. 

order, the species within the United States numbering about 150, nearly all of which 
belong west of the Rocky Mountains. We have about 25 kinds of clover; only 3 or 4 
species Bre natives of the East. Hosackia, numbering 28 species in our whole country, 
25 of which grow here, is not represented in the East at all. On the other hand, the 
large genus Desmodium, numbering in the East 19 species, has no representative west 
of the Rocky mountains. Pickeringia is probably not found beyond the boundary of 
California. The great Australian genus Acacia, numbering there nearly 300 species, is 
represented in Southern California by a small tree {A. Greggii), and in the East by an 
herb. Possibly 30 species are cultivated for shade trees. Honey Mesquit, or Algaroba 
(Prosopis juli/lora) and Screw-pod Mesquit, or Tornilla (P. pubescens), are small trees of 
Southern California. Prosopis and Acacia belong to the suborder Mimosae. All the 
plants here described (except Cercis) belong to the suborder Papilionaceae, which is 
distinguished by flowers, like those of the pea, as before described. 

The devices for securing cross-fertilization in this order are often very remarkable. 
Key to genera and species, p. 104. 



LUPINUS. 

A, Perennials, more or less shrubby. 

L. jucundus, Greene. Long peduncled racemes: keel naked, banner notably smaller 
than the other petals. 

Li. eminens, Greene. Almost arborescent: short and dense racemes, short ped- 
uncled: pods villous, nearly erect, about 4-seeded. 

Li. variicolor, Steud. Woody basal branches short, slender: raceme short: flowers 
large: keel ciliate, pods large. 

The above, with L. albifrons, Benth., may be considered as varieties of la. Cham- 
issonsis, of which Greene says, "Apparently confined to the sand dunes of the San 
Francisco peninsula and Pt. Reyes. 

Li. propinquus, Greene. Near L. arboreus, but small: racemes short: petals 
violet. A seaboard species. 

B. Perennial herbs: flowers large. 

Li. formosus, Greene. Leaflets 7-9, linear -lanceolate, very acute: flowers rich 
violet: keel naked. Common in fields. 

Li. sericatus. Kellogg, A foot or less in height, silky-canescent, leafy; leaflets 7, 
spatulate oblong: keel slender, pointed, lightly ciliolate. In the Mt. Helena region: 

1a. latifolius, Agardh. Erect, 2-4 feet high, the stem dark green and shining* 
leaflets 5-7, broadly oblanceolate, thin, ciliolate: blue flowers changing to dull brown. 
Has been considered a form of I*. rivularis. 



LUPINUS. 33 

E. Annuals: flowers verticillate, small, deep-blue. 

la. polycarpus, Greene. Distinguished from L. mlcranthus by stoute.*, rather suc- 
culent stem: upper calyx-lip with teeth not divergent, lower slightly notched: corolla 
smaller: base of the keel exposed: ridged pods, slightly falcate, 7-9 needed. 

L. pachylobus, Greene. Stout, ridged, barely a foot high, hairy: petioles long and 
slender: leaflets 5-7, 9 lines long: whorls 2-4 on stout peduncles: very hairy pod, 4-6 
seeded. 

Li. carnosolus, Greene. Stout and succulent stem, usually simple: raceme loose: 
keel hairy in the middle. 

TRIFOLIUM. 

Greene makes live species of T. Macrcei and its varieties, viz: 

T. Macreei. H. & A. Much branched, decumbent or almost prostrate, more or less 
hairy: leaflets cuneate-oblong, denticulate above the middle: heads nearly or quite 
sessile, 6 lines, or less, long: calyx teeth densely plumose, hairy, nearly equaling the 
purplish corolla: pod 1 -seeded. A variety with smaller heads on very long peduncles, 
Variable. 

T. dichotomum, H. & A. Stouter, often erect, flexuous and dichotomous: heads 
long peduncled: calyx teeth equaling the red-purple corolla. 

T. amoenum, Greene. Erect, taller: heads 18 lines long: plumose calyx teeth f 
much shorter than the conspicuous light rose-purple corolla. 

T. columbinum, Greene. Erect, rather silky: silky plumose dove-colored calys 
teeth, concealing the minute corolla. 

T. olivaceum, Greene. Olive-green heads, in which the corollas are concealed bj 
the calyx teeth, which are nearly naked at the setaceous tips. 

The clovers with flat laciniately-cleft involucres, are put under the following namei 
in Bay-Beg. BoL: 

T. Wormskjoldii, Lehm. Perennial: leaflets obovate-oblong, denticulate: heads 
hemispherical, an inch or more broad, the involucre half as broad: 10-striate calyx 
tube. The teeth much longer and sometimes cut into setaceous divisions. [This is 
T. involucratum, var. heterodon, of this book.] 

T. variegatum, Nutt. Annual: leaflets obcordate to obovate-oblong: calyx-tube 
about 15-nerved, the teeth broader than in the last. [A form of T. involucratum, 
but the var. melantlmm seems to be T. tridentatum, var. melanthum. and var. 
major is var. obtusiflorum.] 

T. appendiculatum, Loja, Flaccid, diffuse: keel of the corolla rostrate-attenuate. 

T. oliganthum, Steud., and the varieties, are in this book under T. pauciflorum. 

T. roscidum, Greene. Erect purple stems, flexuose: leaves soft, hairy, and very 
clammy. [This, with T. obtusiflorum, have heretofore been by good authorities 
considered as varieties or forms of T. tridentatum.] 
Botany — 3 



34 LUPINUS. 

To the cup clovers, with concave involucres and usually inflated corollas in fruit, 
Prof. Greene has added these species. 

T. Grayi, Loja, which is T. barbigerum, var. Andrewsii, Gr. Seemingly a good 
species. 

[T. flavulum, Greene; T. virescens, Greene, and T. Grambelii, Nutt., are forms 
of T. fucatum, Lindl., which varies from wet meadow-land' forms, a foot or more 
high, with heads of 20 flowers, 2 inches broad, to the upland form T. Garnbelii, Nutt., 
scarcely half as high, bearing heads with only 3 or 4 flowers.] 

T. hydrophyllum, Greene. Flaccid branches 1-2 feet long: stipules ovate, entire: 
leaflets linear to oblong, those of the lower leaves narrowest: peduncles short: involucre 
of about 5 bracts: calyx-teeth very long. Apparently a good species hitherto called 
T. amplectens or a variety of T. depauperatum, to which the tollowing may ba 
referred. 

T. laeiniatum, Greene. Upper leaves broad truncate, 3 dentate at apex, lacin- 
iately toothed or pinnatifid. 

HOSACKIA. 

In Bay- Reg. Bot. Lotus Americanus is H. Purshiana of this book; L. Wran- 
gelianus is H. subpinnata; L. humistratus, Greene, is H. brachycarpa; L. 
denticulatus, Greene, is E. subpinnata, var. major, which seems to be a good 
species; L. micranthus is H. parviflora; L. rubellus and L. nudiflorus are H. 
Strigosa — the former a coast form, the latter of the interior. L*. hirtellus, Greene, 
is also probably only a form of the same species. L. formissimus, Greene, is H. 
gracilis; L. pinnatus is H. bicolor. L. eriophorus, Greene, is H. tomentosa. 
L. leucophseus, Greene, is distinguished from Bentham's H. grandiflora by velvety 
instead of nearly glabrous leaves and smaller flow^ers; perhaps better considered as 
Hosackia grandiflora, Benth., var. anthylloides. Gray. L. Benthami, Greene, 
is H. cytisoides. 

Ij. Bioletti, Greene. Slender, wiry branches, 2 feet long, prostrate, canescent, with 
short oppressed hairs: leaflets usually 4, cuneate-obovate: umbels pedunculate, brac- 
teate, 6-10 flowered: calyx-teeth triangular, erect: corolla 2 lines long. 

We would label this H. Bioletii (Greene). 

LATHYRUS. 

Ii. Jepsonii, Greene. Nearly or quite glabrous: stem 5-8 feet long, strongly winged: 
leaflets 8-12, linear lanceolate, acute, 2-3 inches long: stipules small, setaceously 
acuminate: peduncles about equaling leaves: flowers rose-purple: calyx teeth ovate 
lanceolate, nearly equal in length: pod 12-16 seeded. 



ROSACEA. 35 

Ii. puberulus, White. Low, or sometimes 8-15 feet high and shrubby at the base, 
soft, hairy, or nearly glabrous, the stems angled; leaflets 5-7 pairs, ovate-oblong to 
linear, cuspidate: flowers purplish. 

VICIA. 

V. Hassei, Watson. Like V. exigua, but leaflets deeply notched: pods 5-8 seeded. 

CERCIS and PICKERINGIA. 

Siliquastrum, in Bay- Reg. Bot, is Cercis, and Xylothermia is Pickeringia. 

AMORPHA. 

A. hispidula, Greene, differs from A. Californica in more numerous leaflets (17- 
25) which are retuse or emarginate. This, according to Greene, is the species from 
Monterey northward. 

ROSACEA. 

f Herbs, shrubs or trees, with alternate leaves, usually evident stipules, mostly numer- 
ous stamens borne on the calyx; distinct free pistils from one to many, or in one sub- 
order few and coherent with each other and adherent to the calyx forming a 2-several 
celled inferior ovary. 

Nearly all the cultivated fruits of the temperate zones belong to this order. Key to 
genera and species, p. 113. 

In Bay -Reg. Bot. all but two of the genus Prunus are put under Cerasus, with the 
same specific names. Osmaronia, Greene, is Nuttallia, Gray; Opulaster capita- 
tus, Greene, is Physocarpus opulifolia, Max. Malus in Greene's book is Pirus in 
this. Cercocarpus betulsefolius is C. parvifolius. Rubus parviflorus is R. 
Nutkanus; R. vitifolius is R. ursinus. 

HOLODISCUS. 

There are probably two species, as given in the Bay-Reg. Bot. : 

H. discolor, Max. Shrub, 2-6 feet high, branches ridged: leaves ovate, narrowed 
to a short petiole: panicles erect. 

H. ariaefolius, Greene. Shrub, 8-18 feet high, with spreading or recurved branches 
bearing drooping panicles 6-10 inches long; leaves pinnately shallow-lobed from base to 
apex. 

POTENTILLA. 

In Flora Franciscana and Bay- Reg. Bot, Prof. Greene has, with apparently good 
reason, united the genera Horkelia, Ivesia, Sibaldia and Potentilla under the 
latter name. 



36 SAXIFRAGACE.E. 

P. millegrana, Englm. Next to P. glandulosa. Tall, flaccid, soft-hairy: leaves 
3-foliolate: minute flowers, numerous, yellow: stamens usually 10. Lower San Joaquin. 

P. biennis, Greene. Biennial: stems erect, purple: leaflets 3, fan-shaped, irregularly 
incised: cymes of small yellow flowers dense: stamens about 10. 

P. frondosa, Greene. 3 feet high, viscidly hairy and heavy-scented: leaflets 5-9, 
doubly incised, thin: bractlets long as calyx lobes or longer, trifid: flowers white. 
Martinez. Frank Sicett. 

P. Californica, Greene. Like the last, but leaves mostly radical: glandular, hairy, 
fragrant: leaflets 11-21, broadly wedge-form, and incised at apex: bractlets usually 3- 
toothed, exceeding the calyx-lobes: flowers white. 

P. Parryi, Greene: slender stems, 6-10 inches high: leaflets many, cleft scarcely to 
the middle: calyx rotate, lobes longer than the narrow bracts: petals 3 lines long, white, 
lone. 

P. laciflora, Drew. Leaflets divided into 2 or 3 segments, bractlets narrow and 
much shorter than the calyx-lobes: flowers white: filaments petaioid-dilated: achenes 
only 2 or 3. Hy-am-pum, Trinity River. 

P. Michneri, Greene. (Horhelia.) Leaflets about 15 pairs: all 10 stamens, with 
oblong-petaloid white filaments. Mt. Tamalpais. 

P. Kelloggii, in Bay-Reg. BoL, is Horkelia Californica, var. sericia; P. tenui- 
loba is H. tenuiloba. 

Roses are sensitive to the influence of their homes, and prone to variation; hence 
botanists will never agree as to the number and limitation of species. The dwarf roses 
of Sonoma County and Mt. Tamalpais (R. Sonomensis, Greene) only a foot or less in 
height, with numerous small flowers, may be popularly known, at least, as the Sonoma 
Rose; and the dwarf rose (Rosa spithamia, Wat.), so abundant on the Trinity River 
and in the northern Sierra Nevada, maybe called the Span-high Rose. R. gratissima, 
Greene, a form of R. Californica, distinguished by the fragrance of its leaves, may be 
called the Kern River Sweeibriar Rose. 

CALYCANTHACJE^. 

Fragrant shrubs, with opposite, entire, extipulate leaves, and solitary, terminal, 
large dull-red or purplish flowers: numerous sepals and petals, all colored alike: stamens 
many: pistils many. Butneria Occidentals, Greene, is Calycanthus. See p. 118. 

SAXIFRAGACEiE. 

Herbs, shrubs, or small trees, distinguished from Rosacece by albuminous seeds; usually 
by definite stamens, not more than twice the number of the calyx-lobes; commonly by 



SAXIFKAGACKiE. 37 

the want of stipules; sometimes by the leaves being opposite; and in most by the par- 
tial or complete union of the 2 to 5 carpels into a compound ovary. Seeds usually 
indefinite or numerous. Petals and stamens on the calyx. Styles inclined to be distinct. 
Only the Hydranyiece have many stamens. Key to genera and species, p. 119. 

SAXIFRIGA. 

S. Marshallii, Greene. Perennial. Leaves radical; oblong, dentate: scape about 
a foot high, loosely panniculate: white petals with a pair of green spots: filaments 
club-shaped. Hoopa Val., on Trinity Riv., C. C. Marshall. Rogue Riv., Howeil. 

S. Californica, Greene, is S. Virginiensis, Michx. 

BOYKINIA. 

Therofon elatum, Greene, is Boykinia occidentalis, T. & G. 

TEL.LIMA. 

T. scabrella, Greene. A foot high, bearing bulblets: calyx with rounded base: 
petals entire, the two upper shorter and broader than the others: styles glabrous. 
Sierra Nevada. 

MITELL.A. 

M. diversifolia, Greene (Marshall's Mitella). Leaf margins ciliolate: scape a foot 
high: shallow calyx-lobes, whitish petals palmately trifid at the abruptly widened 
apex: stamens 5. Trinity Mts. 

RIBES. 

Ribes tenuiflorum, Lindley, is, according to Prof. Greene, our species of Golden 
Currant, not R. aureum. 

R. ambiguum. Wats. Glandular and hairy: spines short: flowers mostly solitary, 
6 lines long or less, greenish: stamens about equaling the white petals: small anthers, 
obtuse: fruit densely spinose. Trinity River, northward. 

R. Marshallii, Greene. Glabrous: flowers an inch long: calyx dark purple: petals 
2-3 lines long, salmon color. Trinity Mts. May be a variety of the last. 

R. Victoris, Greene. (Chestnut's Gooseberry). 5 feet high: spines triple: leaves 
viscid: greenish flowers, 6 lines long: calyx-tube much exceeding the lobes, petals 
white, acute, and toothed at the apex: anthers sub-sagittate, mucronate: ovary glan- 
dular, rough-hairy. Marin and Napa Cos. 

R. Calif or nicum, H. & A. Rigid, flexuose, glabrous branches: leaves small: petals 
thick, truncate, erose-toothed at the end: stout filaments, three times the length of the 
petals: berry prickly. 

R. subvestitum, H. & A. Taller, 5-10 feet high: leaves very viscid and heavy- 
scented: petals truncate, entire. 



38 HALORAGE.E. 

R. amictum, Greene, is the Sierra Nevada variety of R. Menziesii, which Prof. 
Greene thinks is confined to the Coast Region. All these prickly-fruited Ribes may be 
considered varieties of Menzies 1 Gooseberry. 

CRASSULACE^. 

Fleshy plants, with sepals, petals, stamens, and distinct carpels of the same number 

(3-12), or the stamens twice as many: polypetalous or gamopetalous. Key to genera 

and species, p. 122. 

TILL^EA. 

T. Drummondii, T. & G. and T. Bolanderi, of Bay-Reg. Bot., may b3 considered 
varieties of T. angustifolia. 

DROSERACE^. 

Low bog herbs, purplish or brownish, with radical leaves, bristly with gland-tipped 
hairs which secrete a viscous fluid. Flowers in, usually, scorpioid racemes or spikes: 
calyx 5-parted: petals and stamens 5: styles mostly 3, each 2-parted. The most 
remarkable insectivorous plants belong to this order. Key to genera and species, p, 123. 

LYTHRACE^. 

Our species, herbs with entire leaves. Flowers with tubular calyx, bearing the 
petals and stamens on its throat, and rather closely inclosing the superior ovary; style 
one. Key to genera and species, p. 124. 

AMMANIA. 

A. coccinea, in Bay -Beg. Bot.. is A. latifolia, and Rotala ramosior is A. humilis. 

LYTHRUM. 

L. Sanfordi, Greene. Erect stem, acutely 5-6 angled: petals 6, bright purple. 
Much like Xi. Calif or nicum, of which it may be a variety. 

Li. adsurgens, Greene. Branches 5-angled, 1-3 feet long, decumbent or assurgent, 
slightly succulent: calyx 2J lines long, 12-striate: petals pale purple. Similar to L. 
hyssopifolia, but perennial instead of annual, and much larger. 

HALORAGEJE. 

Aquatic herbs, with inconspicuous, often apetalous flowers, sessile in the axils of 
leaves or bracts: calyx adherent to the ovary in the fertile ones, and its lobes then short 
or obsolete. Flowers perfect, but apetalous, in Hippuris, and monoecious or perfect in 
Myriophyllum. Key to genera and species, p. 124. 



ONAGRACEjE. 



39 




Ovary. 



Calyx tube. 



Calyx lobes, 
. Bifid petals. 

Herbs (shrubby exotics), with the 
parts of the flowers usually in fours, 
the calyx tube adnate to the ovary, 
the petals borne on its throat, and the 
stamens as many or twice as many. 
Style always single. In Jussiaea the 
flower parts vary in number from 4 to 
6; in Circsea the parts are in twos. 




Fig. A. Clarkia elegans ; a, inferior, sessile ovary 
of the axillary flower. Fig. B. Boisduvallia densi- 
flora; c, inferior ovary, sessile in the axil of a bract. 
Fig. C Capsule of Godetia; b, cross section of the 
same. Fig. D. Epilobium paniculatum; h, infe- 
rior ovary ;/, a grown capsule; g, tube of calyx 
above the ovary; e, one of the bifid petals; i, one 
of the seeds bearing a tuft of silken hairs. The fig- 
ure on the left is a common form of Zauschneria. 



Many of our plants blossom late in the dry 
season. These usually have hard stems from which a shedding, thin, outer bark hangs 
in shreds. Key to genera and species, p. 124. 



JUSSI^A. 

J. repens, L., var. Californica, is J. diffusa, Forsk., in Bay-Beg. Bot. 
in floating masses on stagnant water or along the edges of ponds. 

LUDWIGIA. 



It grows 



Li. palustris, Linn., is Isnardia palustris in Bay-Reg. Bot. Leaves oval or ovate, 
acute, 6-12 lines long: sessile flowers, solitary in the axils: petals when present, minute. 
Muddy borders of ponds or watercourses. 

ZAUSCHNERIA. 

Z. Californica, Presl. Decumbent stems, often many together, from a woody base, 
branching, more or less hairy: leaves ovate to lanceolate. Blossoming from June to 
December. (See the figure on the left above.) 

Prof. Greene makes several species of this variable plant. 



40 



ONAGRACE^. 




EPILOBIUM. 

E. rigidum, Haussknecht. Cespitose perennial, a span or 
two high: leaves lanceolate to obovate, acute, entire, often 
oblique, narrowed into short-winged petioles, very glaucous; 
flowers in the axils of the small upper leaves which are often 
adnate to the bases of the peduncles: ovary densely white-glan- 
dular: petals 7-10 lines long: stigma very large. S.W. Oregon, 
as is also the var. canescens. which is densely velvety-canes- 
cent. 

E. palustre, Linn. Perennial, a foot or less high, canescent 

above with incurved hairs: leaves mostly opposite, evidently 

veined, narrowly oblong, obtuse, or almost truncate: flowers 

small, the calvx-tube funnelform: stigma club-shaped. State of 

__ . . Epilooium paniculatum. 

V\ ashington. 

E. adenocaulon, Hausskn. Perennial. Branches upcurving, glandular-hairy 
above; leaves elliptical to ovate-lanceolate, slightly serrulate, rather pale green and 
glossy: flowers 2 or 3 lines broad: stigma club-shaped. 

E. Californicum, Hausskn. Taller than the preceding, inflorescence and buds 
white, with long ascending hairs: leaves often 3 or 4 inches long, lanceolate, remotely 
serrulate: flowers few, 2 or 3 lines broad: slender fruiting peduncles sometimes equal- 
ing the leaves. 

E. brevistyluni, Barbay. Slender, a foot high: leaves opposite, ovate or elliptical, 
an inch long or more: flowers 2 lines broad: pods 2 in. long. 

E. ursinum, Parish. A foot high or less, slender, hairy below, minutely glandular 
above: leaves mostly opposite, about an inch long, ovate to broadly lanceolate, serrate: 
flowers white or lavender, 2 lines broad: pods 15 lines long on peduncles half as long. 

E. Hornenianni, Reich. A span or two high, slightly hairy above; leaves an inch 
long, elliptical, ovate, obtuse: flower 3 or 4 lines broad, lilac to violet: pods about 2 
inches long on peduncles equaling the subtending leaves. 

E. Oregonense, Hausskn. A span high, with flowerless shoots at the base: leaves 
8-12 lines long, crowded below, remote, and very small above, oblong to liuear obtuse : 
flowers 3 lines broad, violet: pods 2 inches long on peduncles nearly as long. 

E. clavatum, Trelease. A span high, densely cespitose, glabrous: leaves divergent: 5- 
10 lines long, broadly ovate, very obtuse: flowers 2 lines broad, rose color: pods an in. long # 

E. holosericeum, Trel. Rather woody, loosely branched, upper leaves and branches 
canescent, with sub-appressed hairs: leaves oblong lanceolate, remotely serrulate; 
flowers pale, 2 lines broad: pods 2J inches long on peduncles 6 lines long. 

GAYOPTYUM. 

Gr. lasiospermum, Greene. Erect, very slender, 1 or 2 feet hi^h, with numerous 
dichotomous branches: corolla 1J lines long, rose color: seeds canescent, with appressed 
silky hairs (hence the name). San Diego Co., northward. 



ONAGRACE.E. 



41 



EULOBUS. 

CEnothera leptocarpa, in Bay-Reg. Bot., is 
Eulobus Calif ornica. Southern Coast. 

CENOTHERA. 

CE. Hookeri, T. & G. Biennial: stem red, stout, 
angular, 3-6 feet high: petals nearly 1J inches long, 
obcordate, pale yellow turning to rose color. Com- 
mon in the southern counties. Probably a variety 
of CE. biennis. 

(E. grandiflora, Ait. Differing from CE. biennis 
by its larger, almost scentless flowers, declined 
stamens, stigma lobes yellow, not green. This may 
be considered the cultivated form of CE. biennis. 

CE. arguta, Greene. Perennial, stems slender, 
about a foot high: leaves linear-lanceolate, dentate, 
2-4 inches long, sessile: calyx tube 1J inches long: 
petals as long, deeply obcordate, bright yellow 
turning to orange. Moist ground near Monterey 
and southward. 

03. nitida, Greene (§ 3). Decumbent branches, 
a foot long or less, very rigid: leaves spatulate or 
oblanceolate, rather fleshy, dark, lustrous green: 
petals 6 lines long: anthers linear-oblong, fixed, al- 
most in the middle: capsule 10 lines long, acutely 
angled. Monterey Bay, Abbott. 

(E. hirtella, Greene (§ 3). Erect, simple, or 
branches from the base, 6-10 inches high, purplish, 
short hairy: radical leaves, oblanceolate, denticu- 
late, \\ inches long: stem leaves ovate, sessile, \ 
inch long, coarsely toothed and more or less crisped: 
petals a line long or more: capsule hairy, attenuate 
upward, once or twice coiled. Interior hills. 

(E. spiralis, in Bay-Reg. Bot., is (E. cheiran- 
thifolia and <E. campestris is CE. dentata. CE. 
gaureBfolia has white or pink flowers half an inch 
broad. 




(Enothera 
£— Surface of grou 
r — Rootstock. 



ovata. 
nd. 



42 LOASACE.E. 

GODETIA. 

G. micropetala, Greene. Erect, 1-3 feet high: spike rather short: calyx tube 2 
lines long, segments 4 lines, the slender tips twisted in the bud: petals linear-lanceolate, 
3 lines long: stigma purple: capsule sessile. Contra Costa Co. 

G. rubicunda, of the Bay- Reg. BoL, may be a variety of G. Amcena. 

CLARKIA and EUCHARIDIUM. 

In Bay-Beg. Bot., Eucharidium is put under Clarkia. C. grandiflora is proba- 
bly a more branching and larger flowered form of Eucharidium concinnum. E. 
Breweri is the rarest and most beautiful of the genus. It was discovered on Mt. Oso 
in Stanislaus Co., and has been collected at the Geysers and on Mt. Hamilton. The 
flowers have an almost perfectly square outline, the long middle lobes of the petals 
forming the angles. 

BOISDUVALIA. 

B. glabella, Walp. A span or two high: leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrulate, bluish, 
densely soft-hairy to glabrous, 5 lines long: flowers in a terminal, leafy spike, or some 
in the lower axils, about a line long. 

LOASACE^E. 

Herbaceous plants with either stinging or jointed and rough-barbed hairs; no stipules, 
calyx tube adnate to the 1-celled ovary. Stamens usually very numerous. Key to 
genera and species, p. 128. 

MENTZELIA. 

Calyx cylindrical to ovoid; the persistent limb 5-toothed. Petals 5 or 10: stamens 
numerous, inserted below the petals on the throat of the calyx: filaments free or in 
clusters opposite the petals, filiform or the outer petaloid. Style 3-cleft, the lobes 
often twisted. The leaves are alternate, mostly coarsely toothed or pinnatifid; flowers 
white to yellow or orange. 

M. afifinis, Greene. Similar to M. dispersa, but stouter, often 2 feet high, simple 
and leafy below, widely branching above: leaves lanceolate, deeply sinuate-pinnatifid: 
flowers 6 lines broad: capsule an inch long, slender. 

M. pectinata, Kell. Stem usually simple, 4-8 inches high, clothed like the leaves 
with barbed hairs: flowers deep yellow, an inch broad: petals mostly obcordate, with a 
minute cusp in the sinus: stamens numerous, half as long as the petals. Marysville 
Buttes southward. 

li. laevicaulis is perhaps always found on the flood beds of streams. Its flowers 
have narrow petals, lacking the satiny luster which marks the other large flowered 
species. 



ARALIACE.E. 43 

CUCURBITACE^E. 

Tendril-bearing, trailing, or climbing herbs, usually rough and rather succulent. 
Flowers axillary to alternate leaves, solitary or clustered, monoecious. Calyx adherent 
to the ovary, the limb 5«lobed. Corolla with united petal?. Stamens usually 3, 
united. Pistil 2-3 carpeled. Squashes and pumpkins, natives of America, with melons, 
cucumbers and gourds, natives of the Eastern Continent, are the common cultivated 
plants of this order. Key to genera and species, p. 129. 



DATISCACE.3E. 

In our genus, stout, glabrous, dioecious, perennial herbs, with laciniate-pinnatitid 
leaves, the greenish flowers clustered in the axils. Key to genera and species, p. 129. 



CACTACEJE. 

Green, fleshy, and thickened, persistent (though mostly herb-like), usually leafless 
plants; globular or columnar, or jointed and often flattened, usually armed with bundles 
of spines from the axils of absent leaves. Flowers with numerous sepals, petals, and 
stamens, the cohering bases of all coating the inferior 1-celled ovary, and forming above 
it a tube or cup: style 1 with several stigmas. Key to genera and species, p. 129. 



FICOLDE^E. 

Usually very succulent plants with opposite leaves. (In our plants Mollugo is not 
succulent, and Tetragonia has alternate leaves.) Petals and stamens various, the former 
often wanting: carpels 2 to many. Key to genera and species, p. 130 

TETRAGONIA. 

T. expansa, Murr., a native of New Zealand, and cultivated under the name of 
New Zealand Spinach, is apparently a native of our coast, growing on the shore of San 
Francisco Bay. It is described as follows in Bay-Beg. Bot. Perennial, with alternate, 
plane, fleshy leaves, and axillary, greenish, apetalous flowers: fruit 4-horned, about J 
inch long, scarcely as broad. 

ARALIACE^E. 

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with mostly stout, hollow stems, and alternate lobed or 
compound leaves. Flowers in simple umbels, which are often arranged paniculately or 



44 CORNACE.E. 

racemosely calyx adhering to the ovary: petals 5-10: stamens as many or twice as 
many: ovary more than 2-celled. 

A tall herb: leaves bipinnate or pinnate, very large: pedicels jointed 1 

Stem woody, prickly, 6-12 feet high: leaves palmately lobed: pedicels not jointed. . . 2 

1. A It A LI A, Linnaeus. 
1. A. Californica, Watson. Root large, aromatic, used medicinally. (Spikenard.) 

2. FATSIA, Bentham & Hooker. 
1. F. horrida, B. & H. Common in the forests of Oregon and northward. 

UMBELLIFEK^E. 

Herbs with small flowers in umbels, stamens and petals 5, borne on a 2-celled ovary 
which in fruit splits into a pair of dry, usually flat, indehiscent carpels. Since the 
generic distinctions depend upon characters of fruit and seed difficult of determination, 
the plants of this order are not here described. 

Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, with simple entire mainly opposite leaves, no stipules, 
and flowers in cymes, capitate clusters or spikes; the petals and stamens 4, epigynous; 
calyx adnate to the 1-2 celled ovary, which becomes a drupe or berry. Key to genera 
and species, p. 131. 

CORNUS. 

C. stolonifera, Michx. Stems numerous, clustered, decumbent, forming a low 
thicket: twigs nearly glabrous, red- purple: leaves mostly oval or oblong, acute: cymes 
small, flat-topped: fruit white, globose, stone furrowed on the edges. Trinity Mts., 
<J. C. Marshall. 

C. Baileyi, C. & E. Stone twice as long as high, flattened edge, furrowed. Castle 
Bock, Columbia River. 



DIVISION 2. GAMOPETAL.E. 



CAPKIFOLIACE^E. 

Shrubs, trees, woody climber or trailing plants. Leaves opposite: calyx adherent to 
the ovary, the limb 5-toothed or obsolete: corolla 4-5 lobed or cleft: ovary 2-5 celled: 
fruit a berry. Key to genera and species, p. 131. 

SAMBUCUS. 

S. rnaritima, of the Bay-Reg. Bot., seems to be only a form of S. glauca; and S. 
callicarpa, Greene, is S. raeemosa of this book, an Old World species, probably 
distinct from ours, making Greene's the better name for the Red-fruited Elder. 

SYMPHORICARPOS. 

S. ciliatus, Nutt., is the name given, in Bay-Reg. Bot., to the small Snoiuberry of 
the Oakland Hills, which is perhaps only a variety of S. racemosus, the most common 
species, or, perhaps, the only one of the Coast Ranges. 

LONXCERA. (CAPRIFOL.IUM, in Bay- Reg. Bot.) 

Ii. interrupt a, Benth., is distinguished from L. hispidula (in Bay-Reg. Bot.) by 
erect bushy habit, white bark of branches, and glabrous yellow flowers, smaller. 

L. lie deb our ii, Esch., is distinguished in Flora Franciscana from L. involucrata by 
larger size, often 10-15 feet high, while the latter is only 2 or 3 feet high: more gibbous 
corolla, salverform rather than funnelform, and orange to scarlet, instead of yellowish. 
Named Distegia Ledebourii in Bay-Reg. Bot. 

Ii. subspicata, H. & A. Bushy, many branched, densely glandular-hairy, except 
on the upper side of the leaves, which are small, narrowly oblong, tapering to a petiole, 
none of them stipulate or connate: corolla 6 lines long, yellowish. Usually considered 
a variety of L. hispidula. 

RUBIACE^E. 

Known by having opposite entire leaves with intervening stipules, or whorled leaves 
without stipules, along with an inferior ovary and regular 4-5 merous flowers; the 
teeth of the calyx sometimes wanting. Stamens alternate with the lobes of the corolla 
and borne on its tube, distinct. Key to genera and species, p. 133. 

[45] 



46 COMPOSITE. 

Sherardia arvensis, Linn., an introduced weed, called in England Field Madder, 
has been found at Berkeley by Professor Greene. A small annual, about 6 inches high, 
bearing leaves in whorls of 6: flowers small, blue or pink, in little terminal heads sur- 
rounded by a broad, deeply lobed involucre. 

GALIUM. 

G. spurium, Linn. Distinguished from G. aparine by pale green flowers and 
pedicels recurved in fruit. 

G. Anglicurn, Huds. Distinguished from these by greenish flowers followed by 
fruit, not rough, with hooked hairs. All three introduced from the Old World. 
Perhaps better considered varieties of G. Aparine. 

VALERIAN ACEiE . 

Herbs with opposite leaves, no stipules: the distinct stamens fewer than the lobes of 
the corolla, and borne on its tube: the inferior ovary with two empty cells, and one con- 
taining a solitary ovule, ripening into a kind of akene. Key to genera and species, 
p. 133. 

DIPSACACE^E. 

Herbs with opposite leaves and flowers in dense involucrate heads, each flower 
inclosed in a tubular involucel, and subtended by a bract. Calyx adherent to the ovary: 
corolla 4-5 lobed, bearing stamens alternate with the lobes: fruit crowned with the calyx 
limb, 1 seeded. Key to genera and species, p. 134. 

Scabiosa atropurpurea, Linn., has run wild in some localities. It may be known 
by its pinnate leaves and heads of black-purple or lighter colored flowers, even white, 
the outer circles larger, and the calyx in fruit stem-like above the akenes, with 5 
spreading bristle-like lobes. Commonly called Mourning Bride. 



COMPOSITE. 

Flowers, usually many in a dense head, sessile, on a common receptacle, surrounded 
by a calyx-like involucre: the calyx reduced to hairs or scales, or obsolete: the corolla 
tubular, equally lobed, ligulate or bilabiate, the 5 stamens united by their anthers into 
a tube inclosing the 2-parted style: the ovary inferior, forming in fruit an akene which 
is usually crowned with the persistent calyx (pappus). 

Sunflowers, marigolds, thistles, and dandelions are types of the conspicuous plants 
in this order. This, the largest of all the orders, is represented in California by over 
500 species. Although the flower heads are frequently large, the separate flowers, with 



LOBELIACE.E. 47 

but few exceptions, are too small to be examined without the aid of a microscope skill- 
fully used. The order is, therefore, far too difficult for the beginner. 

LOBELIACEiE. 

Herbs, mostly with milky juice, alternate simple leaves, scattered or racemose 
flowers: the calyx adherent to all or half of the ovary: the corolla more or less irregular: 
the stamens united into a tube closely inclosing the style: stigma commonly ?-lobed. 
Key to genera and species, p. 134. 

HOWELLIA, Gray. 

H. aquatilis, Gr. Aquatic: submersed leaves, slender, mostly alternate, entire; 
those above water broader and shorter, sometimes 1-2 toothed: flowers short-peduncled, 
axillary: corolla lobes nearly equal, not surpassing the calyx. Ponds on Sauvies Island, 
Columbia River. 

E. limosa, Greene. Weak procumbent branches, 6-12 inches long, leafy and florif- 
erous throughout: leaves lanceolate, entire, sessile, 6 lines long: corolla white, the 
wedge-shaped divisions a line long, the two upper narrower. On the margins of pools 
near Suisun. 

DOWNINGIA. 

In Bay-Reg. Bot., the following species are described under the generic name Bolelia: 
D. insignis, Greene. Erect, mostly simple, stems, few flowered: lower lip of the 
corolla 6 lines broad, obovate, 3-lobed, the lobes and sides sky blue, darker veined, the 
main portion white, bearing in the middle two oblong green spots: upper lip merely 
bifid, the lobes ascending and parallel: throat of corolla with a pair of yellow folds in 
a field of dark violet. 

D. tricolor, Greene. Branches weak and reclining: lower lip of corolla parted into 

3 equal, broadly obovate, truncate, and slightly cuspidate lobes, these deep blue at tip, 
white below, the undivided part with a transverse, somewhat quadrate spot of dark 
maroon: upper lip of two small segments slightly recurved, parallel. 

D. concolor, Greene. Numerous branches, forming a dense tuft: corolla all violet, 
but base of lower lip very dark, bordered by lighter blue, the lobes slightly unequal, 
very obtuse and somewhat cuspidate, upper lip cleft to the middle only.- 

D. ornatissima, Greene. Taller than the preceding, 6-10 inches high: corolla pale, 

4 fold-like protuberances partly filling the throat: segments of the upper lip coiled 
backward into a ring, the corolla tube at base of these segments abruptly raised into 
a sharp protuberance. 

D. humilis, Greene. Only an inch high: segments of the calyx unequal, exceeding 
the minute white corolla. 



48 ERICACEAE. 

D. cuspidata (Greene). [Determined since the publication of Bay-Reg. BoL] Erect, 
slender, 6 inches high or more, with few and small leaves and few remote flowers: lower 
lip of corolla nearly 6 lines broad, only 4 lines deep, the lobes broadly ovate, retuse, or 
obcordate with a cusp, the terminal half violet, the base white; the undivided part of 
the lip yellow, without folds, protuberances or depressions: lobes of the upper lip 1J 
lines long, cuspidate, straight, violet. Sonoma and Napa Co's. 



CAMPANULACE^l, 

Herbs with alternate leaves without stipules and regular flowers, having the calvx 
adnate to the ovary, distinct stamens (5, rarely 4) inserted with the corolla alternate 
with its lobes: calyx persistent. Stamens with introrse anthers, opening in the bud. 
Style single, its upper portion beset with hairs which collect the pollen, its summit 2-5- 
lobed or cleft. Key to genera and species, p. 135. 

Specularia is Triodanis, in Bay-Reg. BoL 

GITHOPSIS. 

Gr. diffusa, Gray. Slender, diffusely branching, glabrous: calyx-lobes subulate - 
lanceolate, half the length of the slender sessile pod. Vaca Alts, and southward. 



ERICACEAE. 

Woody plants or perennial herbs, with symmetrical and mostly regular flowers: the 
stamens as many or twice as many as the petals or lobes of the corolla, and inserted with 
but rarely upon it: the anthers 2-celled, and the cells opening by a terminal pore; the 
ovary with as many cells as the divisions of the corolla or calyx: the seeds small. 
Corolla generally gamopetalous, sometimes of distinct petals, the insertion and that of 
the stamens hypogynous, or when the calyx is adnate epigynous around an annular 
disk. Style single. Leaves simple. Key to genera and species, p. 136. 

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. 

A. myrtifolia, Parry. Widely branching from the base, 1-3 feet high: leaves entire, 
ovate, 4-10 lines long, 3-4 lines wide, acute at both ends with a thickened margin. 
Growing in patches on gravelly ridges east of lone, Amador Co. 

A. manzanita, Parry. Varying in size from a small shrub to a tree, 25 feet high, 
with a trunk a foot in diameter: leaves petiolate from narrowly to broadly ovate, 
usually obtuse: pedicels smooth: calyx lobes orbicular: corolla broad: filaments slightly 
hairy: fruit 4-6 lines broad, 3 lines high, changing from dull white to red-brown: early 



PKIMULACEiE. 49 

flowering, often in bloom in the Bay counties on Christmas. According to Parry, this 
is the species which has heretofore been called A. pungens which is a Mexican species. 

A. viscida, Parry. Distinguished from A. glauca by very viscid pedicels which 
are four or five times as long as the bracts whicli are also viscid: flowers light pink: fruit 
flattened, 3 lines broad, 2 lines high. Foothills of the Sierra Nevada from Central 
California northward. 

A. Stanfordiana, Parry. Low, branching, 3-5 feet high: leaves bright green on 
both sides, narrowly ovate to oblanceolate, tapering into a narrowly winged petiole: 
inflorescence smooth: calyx deep red: corolla pink: style becoming exserted. Near 
Calistoga, Napa Co. Named for Leland Stanford, Jr. 

RHODODENDRON. 

R. Somonense, Greene. Shrub 2-5 feet high; leaves nearly elliptical, 1 in. long or 
less, the margin serrulate and ciliolate: flowers rose-color, an inch long or more. (Per- 
haps a var. of R. occidentale.) Sonoma Co. (Hence the name.) 

Gaultheria is Brosssea, in Bay-Reg. Bot. 

NEWBERRYA. 

According to rules of nomenclature likely to prevail this generic name must give 
place to Hemitotes, which Gray first gave to the plant discovered by Newberry. H. 
pumilum, described by Greene, is exactly N. congesta of this Key. (Collected in 
Mendocino Co. by W. G. Wright.) 



LETOOACE^E, 

Fleshy root-parasites. Parts of the flower almost always more than 5: stamens ad- 
herent up to the throat of the tubular corolla. Key to genera and species, p. 140. 

PLUMBAGINACEJE . 

Seashore herbs, with radical leaves. Flowers regular, all the parts in fives: calyx 
5-plaited, 5-toothed, persistent: petals with long claws united into a ring at the base: 
Stamens opposite the petals. Key to genera and species, p. 140. 

Statice Limonium, var. Californica, is Limonium commune, var. Californi- 
cum, in Bay-Reg. Bot., and Armeria vulgaris is Statice Armeria. 

PRIMULACE^E. 

Herbs, with perfect, regular flowers, well marked, by having the stamens as long as 
the lobes of the corolla, and opposite to them, inserted on its tube: a single entire style 
Botany — 4 



50 APOCYNACE.E. 

and stigma, a one-celled ovary, and capsular fruit. Calyx 4-8 cleft, commonly 5-cleft, 
hypogynous: leaves simple: stipules none. In Glaux the corolla is wanting: stamens on 
the calyx, alternate with its lobes. Key to genera and species, p. 141. 

DODECATHEON. 

Species of this genus are described under the generic name Meadia, in Bay-Reg, Bot. 
and the variety with cream-colored flowers is there named Meadia patula. The many, 
forms of this genus may well bear one specific name. 

ANDROSACE, Matthiolus. 

A. acuta, Greene. Very slender, 1-4 inches high, rough-hairy: leaves radical, 
linear-lanceolate, entire, 6-9 lines long: flowers in an involucrate umbel on a scape: 
corolla salverform, white. 

Trientalis is Alsinanthemum in Bay-Reg. Bot 



STYRACACE^E. 

Shrubs or trees with alternate, simple leaves, a calyx adherent at least to the base of 
the ovary: stamens usually at least twice the number of corolla lobes and more or less 
united to each other and to the corolla. In our species the white downy flowers are 
about an inch broad, and the filaments are united nearly half their length. Key to 
genera and species, p. 142. 

OLEACE^E. 

This, the Olive Family, is represented on the Pacific Coast by two ash trees, which 
may be known by opposite pinnate leaves, leaflets 5-9, oval to oblong, the fruit a winged 
akene. Key to genera and species, p. 142. 



APOCYXACE^. 

Herbs with milky juice, opposite entire leaves, and regular 5-merous flowers. Ovaries 
2, but stigmas united and the anthers adherent. Seeds in our species bearing a tuft of 
silky down at the end. Key to genera and species, p. 142. 

APOCYNUM. 

A. pumilum, Greene. Commonly hairy: lowest leaves subreniform to round-ovate, 
ovate, the others cordate-ovate and oval, rarely more than an inch long: corolla sub- 



POLEMONIACE.E. 51 

cylindrical, 3-4 lines long, the segments scarcely spreading. Monte Diablo Range and 
northward. 

ASCLEPIADACE^E. 

Herbs with milky juice, no stipules, and regular flowers, with the parts in fives, 
except that there are two carpels with distinct ovaries and a common stigma to which 
the stamens are attached; the latter (in our genera) with hood-like appendages: leaves 
entire, generally opposite, sometimes whorled: flowers usually in simple umbels: fruit 
a pair of follicles. Seeds almost always with a coma of silky down. Key to genera 
and species, p. 142. 

ASCLEPIAS. 

In Bay Reg. Bot., A. Calif ornica, Greene, is Gomphocarpus tomentosus, of this 
book, A. ecornuta is Gomphocarpus cordifolius, and instead of Schiznotus, 

Greene writes Solanoa. The latter plant grows near the Geysers of Sonoma Co. — 
where it was first collected by C. B. Towle — and on the mountains north of Clear Lake. 
Its ied flowers and often prostrate habit make it a noticeable plant in the order. It 
may well be called Towle's Milkweed. 

GENTIAN ACE^E . 

Glabrous herbs, with colorless, bitter juice, entire, opposite and sessile leaves: no 
stipules, perfect and regular flowers: stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and 
alternate with them, inserted on the tube, the anthers free from the stigma: ovary 
1-celled: style one or none: the stigmas commonly two. Calyx persistent. Key to 
genera and species, p. 143. 

POLEMOXIACE^]. 

Chiefly herbs with simple or divided leaves, and no stipules: all the parts of the regu- 
lar flower five, except the pistil, which has a 3-celled ovary and a 3-lobed style. Calyx 
imbricated in the bud, persistent: corolla convolute in the bud: stamens on the corolla 
alternate with its lobes, distinct: anthers introrse. In Gilia the cells of the ovary and 
the stigmas are occasionally reduced to two. Key to genera and species, p. 145. 

It is very difficult to define the genera of this order. If we arrange all our species 
in groups according to their affinities these groups interlace more or less deeply. In 
other words, one or more species are common to two or more groups. Therefore, when 
we separate these groups under generic names there are species that might as well be 
put in one as the other of adjacent genera. Before many of these troublesome inter- 
mediate species (connecting links) were known, botanists easily made out a dozen or 



52 POLEMONIACE^E. 

more genera. When the first edition of this Key was published in 188G, Dr. Asa Gray 
reduced the genera to three. Since then Prof. Greene has grouped our species under 
six genera in his Manual of Bay Region Botany. 

GILIA. 

In Bay-Reg. Bit., sections Dactyiophyllum, Linanthus and Leptosiphon of this book 
form the genus Linanthus, in which L. filipes is G. pusilla, var. Californica; L. 
grandiflorus is G. densiflora; L. bicolor is G. tenella, and three, perhaps good 
species, forms that have usually been put with G. androsacea, viz: I*, parviflorus, 
L. acicularis, and L. rosaceus: the first a common slender form with pale yellow or 
white corolla, tinged outside with red or brown; the second with golden yellow flowers, 
and the third, the rather stout short form with rose-red flowers, so common on the San 
Francisco peninsula. 

The following new species, not of the Bay Region, should appear under Gilia, as 
follows: 

G. serrulata, Greene. Freely and almost diffusely branched, 6 or 8 inches high: 
leaf-segments and floral bracts all linear-acerose, the margins spinulose-serrate: calyx 
segments more than twice the length of the tube: corolla with slender, dark-purple, not 
far exserted tube, and narrowly funnelform throat, the limb of oblong-spatulate white 
segments, 9 lines broad. 

G. montana, Greene. Habit of G. ciliata, but larger, less hispid: corolla much 
larger, nearly 2 inches long, the tube widening to a broadly funnelform purple throat: 
segments of the limb cuneate-obovate, truncate whitish. 

G. nudata, Greene. Slender, 3-10 inches high, branches few: leaves 3 lines long, 
distant: flowers in dense clusters: corolla tube long, exserted, short yellow throat, and 
white or purplish limb, 6 lines broad. Lake Co. 

In Bay-Reg. BoL, the species of § Navarretia are put in the genus Navarritia, to 
which are added two new species— N. parvula, Greene, and N. mellita, Greene 
These would here be described under Gilia, viz: 

G. parvula, Greene. Branching, 2-4 inches high, very viscid and aromatic: lowest 
leaves linear, entire: the upper broader, with teeth or segments: corolla about 4 lines 
long, broadly tubular-funnelform, light blue: stamens very unequal, the 2 posterior 
included, the 3 anterior long exserted and declined. 

G. mellita, Greene. Slender, 2-5 inches high, very viscid and honey-scented (hence 
the name): lowest leaves pinnately divided into spine-like segments, those of the upper 
broader but spine-tipped: corolla minute, not exceeding the calyx, bluish: stamens 
included. Belmont, San Mateo Co. Summer blooming. 

To the preceding may be added the following, published under the name Navarretia, 
not in Bay Reg. Bot. : 



P0LEM0NIACE2E. 53 

G. nigellaeformis, Greene. Habit of G. cotulaefolia : flower clusters conspicuously 
involucrate, the bracts broad and divided into bristle-like segments: 2* larger calyx-lobes 
bristly pinnatifid, the others 3, with puugent teeth: corolla deep yellow, with 5 purple 
or crimson spots in the funnelform throat. Near Visalia, Dr. T. J. Patterson. 

G. mitracarpa, Greene. Depressed and diffuse, hairy, the inflorescence glandular, 
leaves rigid and pungent, with about 2 pairs of 2-parted basal segments, and a lanceo- 
late toothed terminal one: 2 calyx-lobes with a spinulose tooth on each side, 3 entire 
and shorter: pod 1 -seeded. Lake Co. 

G. prolifera, Greene. Erect, spreading, a span to a foot high, with rather large 
capitate flower clusters, the slender, naked, wiry branches radiating from beneath the 
earlier clusters and ending in similar heads: leaves an inch long, glabrous, linear-fili- 
form, entire, or with one or two pairs of segments at the base: calyx and pungent bracts 
whitish with a viscid wool: calyx-tubes thin-membranous, longer than the teeth: corolla 
almost salver form, purplish or blue with a yellow throat. 

G. tagetina, Greene. Stems mostly strict and simple, a foot or more high, spar- 
ingly leafy, glabrous, glandless: leaves pinnately parted into 7-9 linear segments which 
are spinulose- toothed or pinnatifid: bracts divided into rigid pungent lobes, whitish 
hairy below: calyx segments very unequal, the 2 larger pinnately, the 3 smaller nearly 
palmately parted into ridged filiform divisions: corolla very slender, 9 lines long: ovules 
many. 

G. foliacea, Greene. Similar to G. atractyloides, but odorless, more diffuse and 
leafy, less spinose, the calyx-lobes very unequal: corolla white, little surpassing the 
calyx. 

Under Navarretia Greene describes G. cotulaefolia of this book, as "rigid, 4-8 
inches high, somewhat glandular: leaves twice pinnatifid into slender, herbaceous, soft 
and innocuous segments, the uppermost ones and the bracts decidedly spinescent: 
flowers white, 4-merous. A peculiar soft-leaved and scentless species." Greene also 
decides that G. pubescens, Benth., which has been confounded with G. cotulaefolia, 
Benth., is a good species, which may be distinguished by leaf segments, all with sharp 
and stiff teeth or lobes: calyx teeth all pungent, 3 small and entire, 2 twice as large and 
toothed: corolla deep blue or purple, 9 lines long: stamens exserted: odor strong, goat- 
like. G. viscidula, Gr., var. heterodoxa, Gr., is considered a good species by 
Greene, and is thus distinguished. Extremely viscid, the odor like that of a skunk: 
stamens exserted and declined. 

Gilia in Bay-Reg. Bot. contains only species found in this book under § 7, Hugelia, 
and § 9, Eugelia. G. gilioides is G. glutinosa of this book. Collomia includes 
one each of § 11, Courtoisia, and § 12, Collomia. G. graciles of the last section 
is Phlox gracilis in Greene's book. 

G. leptalea, Greene. Distinguished from G. capillaris by being less glandular, 
less leafy and the leaves narrower, *nore slender and divergent branches and a much 



54 HYDROPHYLLACEJE. 

larger corolla, fully 6 lines long of a rich red-purple, while that of the latter species 
with which it has been confused is barely 2 lines long and white or pale purple. — 
These species were first clearly distinguished by Prof. Greene in Erythea, Mar. 1S9C. 

G. millefoliata, Fisch & Mey., is according to Greene distinguished from G. multi- 
caulis most obviously by the corolla, that of the latter dark violet throughout and 
much larger than the 2-colored corolla of the former, which has white or bluish lobes, 
the throat with 5 dark spots. 

G. abrotanifolia, Nutt. Nearly glabrous, 1-2 ft. high, simple or a few branches, 
these and the upper main stem naked and pedunculiform bearing a terminal dense 
cymose cluster of large blue flowers: calyx membranous except the midribs: stameus 
scarcely exserted. Santa Inez Mts. 

G. Chamissonis, Greene, should, if the author of the name is correct, displace 
G. achillaefolia of this book and Bay-Reg. Bot., because the latter name was given by 
Bentham to a large form of G. nmlticaulis, while the plant heretofore known under 
that name was named Polemcmium capiuatum by Eschscholtz. 

G. staminea, Greene must according to the above take the place of G. capitata. 

G. Rawsoniana, (Greene) stems clustered from a perennial root, a foot high or 
more, sparingly branched, soft-hairy, viscid: leaves broadly lanceolate, coarsely serrate 
above: flowers glomerate at the ends of the branches: corolla bright salmon-color to 
orange, 18 lines long, tubular-funnel-form, segments acute. High valleys Fresno Co. 
Mrs. L. A. Peckenpah (nee Rawson). 



HYDROPHYLLACE^E. 

Inflorescence usually scorpioid; flowers perfect, regular, 5-androus, the two styles 
distinct at least at the apex, except in Romanzoffia which has the stigmas as well as the 
styles united. Ovary commonly hispid or hirsute, at least at the top. Mostly herbs, 
with alternate or rarely opposite leaves and no stipules. In one of our genera the 
plants are shrubs, and in another they are more or less woody at the base. Key to 
genera and species p. 149. 

ELLISIA. 

Ellisia membranacea is in Ray -Reg. Bot. Nemophila membranacea ; and E. 
chrysanthemifolia is Eucrypta chrysantheniifolia. 

NEMOPHILA. 

N. pedunculata, Benth. Only 2-4 inches high: corolla 2 lines or less in width, 
white with purple veinlets. 



HYDROPHYLLACE^E. 55 

N. racemosa, Nntt. More slender than N. aurita, leaves shorter, nearly ovate in 
outline with fewer divisions and petiole not winged or with clasping* base: flowers half 
as large. — San Diego. 

PHACELIA. 

§ 1. Euphacelia. 

P. Circinata is P. Californica in Ray-Reg. Bot. Probably the correct name. 

P. imbricata, Greene. (Next to P. circinata). Densely leafy at base: panicle of 
racemes in pairs, long and lax, the branches widely spreading: fruiting calyces com- 
pressed and closely imbricated; sepals unequal, the outer and larger deltoid-ovate, the 
others ovate oblong and ciliate. 

P. nemoralis, Greene. Stout, erect, rather widely branching, 2-4 feet high, rough 
with stinging hairs, leaves simple or with a pair (rarely 2 pairs) of small leaflets at the 
base: pods 2-seeded. 

P. sauveolans, Greene. Annual, branching from the base: soft, hairy and viscid, 
sweet scented: stem leaves oval, coarsely-toothed an inch long on slender petioles of 
nearly equal length, the lower leaves with some lyrate lobes at the base of the blade, 
corolla bright blue funnel-form, 6 lines long, 3 lines broad: sepals spatulate, 3 lines 
long. — Sonoma Co. 

P. Eisenii, Brandegee. Annual, short, hairy, branching from the base 3-5 inches 
high: leaves 6-10 lines long on petioles as long, elliptic-oblong, simple or with a few 
basal lobes; flowers on slender pedicels twice their length: corolla about three lines 
long: stamens included: styles distinct. — Fresno Co. Dr. Gustav Eisen, 

P. virgata, Greene. Stout, strictly erect. 2-3 feet high, leafy at base and to the 
middle, thence virgate-racemose: stem covered with a dense plushy coat of short hairs, 
with a sparse growth of bristly hairs: leaves pinnately divided into 2-3 pairs of lobes, a 
third the length of the terminal elliptic-lanceolate segment, appressed hairy: corolla 
small, dull yellowish: pod 2-seeded. 

P. leptostachya, Greene. Annual, stout, widely branching, the branches often 2 
feet long, roughish with a sparse growth of brownish hairs, slightly viscid: leaves ample, 
the lowest tripinnatifid: spikes usually solitary at intervals throughout the plant, in 
fruit 5-6 inches long: sepals spatulate, one much longer and twice as wide at the tip as 
the others: corolla small, little surpassing the calyx, dingy greenish white: stamens 
much exserted. — This species has heretofore been called P. distans or P. tanacetifolia. 
Prof. Greene in Erythea. Vol. II. p. 191, thus distinguishes these two species: "True P. 
distans is one of the commonest and most widely dispersed of Californian Phacelias. 
Its stem is more densely and quite retrorsely hispid. Its spikes are short and collected 
at or near the ends of the many branches in pairs or several together. Its corolla is 



56 HYDROPHYLLACE.E. 

very broad and open, and of a lavender color. Its calyx is less unequal than that of 
P. leptostachya. " (In P. tanacetifolia the sepals are equal.) 

§ 4. Eutoca. 

P. verna, Howell. Annual, softly ashy with soft hairs, 4-10 inches high, branching 
from the base and decumbent: leaves obovate to spatulate, entire or rarely the lower 
most incisely toothed, abruptly contracted into a winged petiole or the upper sessile: 
corolla pale blue but little exceeding the calyx: calyx lobes linear-lanecolate, 2-3 lines 
long: seeds 8 to 12. Umpqua Val., Or. 

P. leucantha, Lemmon. Annual, viscid, 1-2 feet high: leaves lanceolate, pinnatifid, 
the segments entire or coarsely toothed: racemes ternate, dense: corolla limb rotate 
nearly an inch broad pure white, the short throat and tube yellow: stamens very short: 
seeds 20 to 25. Del Mar, San Diego Co., and with smaller flowers in San Luis Obispo Co. 

§ 5. Microgenetes. 

P. Cooperae, Gray. Branched from the base 5-15 inches high, densely hairy viscid: 
leaves oblong obtuse, crenately sub-pinnatifid, petiolate: corolla narrow, funnelform 2- 
3 times longer than the calyx, the limb pink or violet, the throat and tube yellow: ovules 
7 or 8. — Flood beds of streams, Santa Barbara and Ventura Co ? s. 

Under § 3 of the Key to Genera in this order belongs, 

LEMMONIA, Gray. 

li. Californica, Gr. A depressed annual, hairy: stem branched from the base 
dichotomously: leaves rosulate at the base and crowded at the ends of the branches, 
entire, spatulate, 3-5 lines long: flowers sessile, solitary in the forks, closely cymose at 
the ends of branches: calyx white-hairy: corolla white or whitish, a line long: styles 
distinct. Mojave River. Recently found on Uncle Sam Mt., Lake Co., by Jepson. 

ERIODICTYON. 

E. Calif or nicum, Greene, is E. glutinosum of this book. 

NAMA. 

N. stenocarpum, Gray. Annual (our other species perennial), hairy and slightly 
viscid: diffusely branched, at length procumbent: leaves oblong or narrower, sessile, 
entire. Los Angeles. 

N. Lobbi, Gr. Woolly-hairy, resinous-viscous. This alpine species appears to 
be near Eriodictyon, and is placed in that genus by Greene. 



BORRAGINACE^. 



57 



BOKKAGINACE^E. 




Amsinckia lycopsoides. a. Calyx 
spread apart to show the ripe akenes. 



Mostly roughly pubescent herbs, with alternate 
entire leaves without stipules, scorpioid inflores- 
cence, and perfectly regular 5-androus flowers; the 
ovary of 4 lobes or divisions around a central style, 
ripening into seed-like nutlets. Calyx free, 5-parted 
or 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla with a 5-lobed limb, 
commonly imbricated in the bud. Stamens dis- 
tinct, inserted in the tube or throat of the corolla 
alternate with its lobes. The one-sided and coiled 
apparent spikes or racemes straighten as the blos- 
soms develop. Key to genera and species, p. 152. 

Borrago officinalis has escaped from gardens 
in Santa Cruz. It is a very rough herb with clus- 
ters of nodding deep blue flowers, the rotate corollas 
and connivent anthers reminding one of potato 
blossoms. 

LITHOSPERMUM. 

Li. arvense, Linn. Annual, a foot high, hoary 
with appressed hairs: leaves narrowly lanceolate 
or linear: flowers small white, sessile in leafy ter- 
minal cymes: nutlets conical, wrinkled. An Old 
World weed now apparently established in San 
Francisco. 



AMSINCKIA. 

A. campestris, Greene. Rather stout, 1-2 feet high, the short and rather dense 
spikes aggregated at the top of the stem: leaves linear-oblanceolate: sepals hardly twice 
the length of the nutlets: corolla inconspicuous: nutlets very dark brown, irregularly 
transverse-rugose and echinate-muricate. Byron Springs. 

A. echinata, Gray. Erect, 1-2 feet high, very hispid with white spreading bristles: 
leaves linear lanceolate: sepals narrow, yellow-hispid: corolla small and very slender: 
nutlets almost prickly-muricate, not rugose. Perhaps not within our limits. 

A. collina, Greene. Near A. tessellata, but slender and not branched: leaves nar- 
rowly linear-lanceolate, acute: calyx intensely gray-brown: corolla without folds in the 
throat: nutlets marked with few and sharp transverse ridges and intervening low tes- 
sellated granulations. Hills east of Livermore. 



58 BORRAGINACE.E. 

A. grandiflora, Kleeberger. Simple up to the terminal spikes, hispid: lower leaves 
oblanceolate, the upper lanceolate, all acute: sepals broad, often 4 or 3 only, tawny- 
hairy: corolla an inch long, deep yellow; the funneiform throat 6 lines long above the 
short proper tube which bears the nearly sessile anthers: nutlets light gray, sharply 
triangular, perfectly smooth and shining, the back straight or even concave. Antioch, 
hills east of Livermore, and north of Tulare Lake. This is A. verrucosa var. grandi- 
flora of this book, but is undoubtedly a distinct species, and may well be called Klee- 
berger s Amsinckia, since (while a student in Yale College) he was the first to describe it. 

KRYNITZKIA. 

Sections 1 aud 2 of this genus (species 1 to 6) aud Echinospermum Greenei form 
the genus Allocarya, in Bay Reg. Bot. The following new species may be added to § 2. 

K. stricta, Greene. Slender, erect and somewhat succulent: stem simple, or nearly 
so, 6 inches or less high, glabrous or nearly so, all except the floral leaves opposite: 
flowers very small: calyx lobes closed over the growing fruit: nutlets light gray, shin- 
ing, numerous close transverse ridges. Calistoga. 

K. diffusa, Greene. Procumbent, a foot or less long, loosely branching from the 
base; racemes leafy for half their length; lowest pedicel 6 lines long, the others hardly 
a line: calyx widely spreading: flowers small, nutlets dark brown, broadly ovoid, in- 
curved, the back with rather sharp granulations and ridges. 

K. rtumistrata, Greene. Stout and succulent, the branches mostly prostrate, a foot 
long: pedicels short and thick, often diflexed: calyx lobes in fruit becoming 4-6 lines 
long, turned to one side so as to stand vertically in a row: nutlets with minute musc- 
ulations and sharp transverse wrinkles which have tufts of minute bristles. This is K. 
CaVfornica, var. subglochidlaia. Probably a good species. 

K. myriantha, Greene. A diffuse, slender, prostrate or trailing annual a foot or 
more long: lower flowers on short, slender pedicels, the others forming close spikes: 
nutlets distinguished from those of K. Chorisiana by narrower outline, greater length, a 
more glossy surface and more prominent ridges on the back. Perhaps the more flonfer- 
ous form of the latter species. Monterey. 

K. vestita, Greene. Distinguished from K. mollis by stout, nearly erect annual 
stems 2 feet or more high, rather rough pubescence and dark nutlets reticulated, the scar 
surrounded by a ridge. Petaluma. 

K. plebeia, Gr. Depressed branches a span or more long: floral leaves linear- 
oblong: nutlets ovoid a Hue long, the back rugose-reticulate glabrous, not granulate or 
muricutate. Humboldt Bay, C. C. Marshall. 

K. Austinae, Greene. Erect, slender, simple or a few branches, about a span high, 
nearly glabrous, except the calyx: leaves narrowly linear H-3 inches long: nutlet ovate- 
acuminate, strongly keeled on both sides, the dorsal keel and margins with stout prickles, 
the uppermost barbed. Butte Co. 



BORRAGINACEJE. 59 

K. stipitata, Greene, Ten to 18 inches high, erect and simple or with ascending 
branches from the base, light green, nearly glabrous: calyx nearly sessile, segments 
spreading foliaceous, in fruit often 6 lines long: corolla short-funnelform, 3-6 lines 
broad: nutlets slender-ovoid, the back covered with blunt tubercles and transverse 
wrinkles, divergent, stipitate. This, according to Greene, is one of the most common 
species in Central California. Moist land. 

K. Hickmanii, Greene. Very slender, diffuse, the filiform racemose branches 6-10 
inches long: calyx a line long, on filiform pedicels: corolla a line or more broad: nutlets 
dark colored, tuberculate. Monterey Co. 

K. hirta, Greene. Annual, more than a foot high, erect, flaccid, simple below with 
many pairs of connate-sheathing linear leaves, loosely racemose above, bristly hairy: 
racemes in pairs: pedicels slender, aline long: calyx lobes erect, very hairy: corolla 3 
lines broad: ovoid nutlets dark colored, the back granulate aud obscurely wrinkled. 
Umpqua Valley, Or. 

K. scripta, Greene. Somewhat succulent strigose-hairy: branches prostrate, 6-10 
inches long: pedicels stout in the axils of leafy bracts: sepals oblanceolate at length, 
standing vertically in row: nutlets a line long, the back dark and smooth, marked by a 
sharp irregular liexuose with white ridges, these beset with tufts of short spreading 
bristles. 

Section 3 is equivalent to Cryptanthe in Bay-Reg. Bot. The following species are to 
be added: 

C. flaccida, Greene, is K. oxycarya of this book. 

K. Cleveland!, Greene. A foot or more high with few ascending branches rough 
with bristly hairs: calyx slender, appressed to the rachis: nutlets 2 or 1, shining. 

"K. hispidissima, Greene. Size of the last, but more branching, more densely hispid 
with softer hairs, and the inflorescence more elongated: corolla conspicuous: nutlets 4, 
similar to those of K. leiocarya, much surpassed by the slender calyx lobes. San Luis 
Obispo Co. 

K. nemaclada, Greene. Slender, very diffusely branching, a foot high, sparsely 
bristly-hairy: spikes very loose, almost filiform: calyx a line long appressed to the 
rachis, bristly: nutlets 4, ovoid-acuminate J a line long, shining. Colusa Co. 

K. Rattani, Greene. Hispid with slender hairs and slightly canescent, about a foot 
high, slender but rigid: leaves linear: spikes in 3s on an elongated naked common 
peduncle, rather densely flowered: calyx appressed to the rachis, its bristles spreading 
and straight: nutlets (3 maturing) lance-ovoid \\ lines long, brownish and smooth but 
not shining. First collected by Hickman in Monterey Co. 

K. crinita, Greene. Annuai, slender S-12 inches high, somewhat fastigiately 
branched from the base, rather stiffly hirsute: leaves linear: dense spikes elongated i 



60 SCROPHULARIACE^E. 

calyx about 4 lilies long, densely white-hairy; nutlet solitary ovoid, the dull brown sur- 
face smooth but not polished. Shasta Co. 



SOLANACE^E. 

Herbs or shrubs, with alternate leaves and no stipules, regular 5-merous flowers on 
bractless pedicels, a single style and a 2-celled ovary; the fruit a many-seeded berry or 
capsule. Key to genera and species, p. 157. 

This small order of, perhaps, not more than twenty species west of the Sierra Nevada, 
and less than 70 in North America, is remarkable for the diversity of properties exhib- 
ited by its members, and the almost universal use by man of several of its species. At 
first view, the classification seems absurd which puts fiery cayenne pepper and insipid 
egg plants, the wholesome tomato and deadly nightshade, nutritious potatoes and poi- 
sonous tobacco together in one family. A careful examination shows that these seem- 
ingly very different plants are much alike after all. The four most important plants of 
this order — potato, tobacco, red or Cayenne pepper, and tomato — are natives of tropical 
America, and were consequently not used in the Old World before the sixteenth cen- 
tury. The following ornamental plants of the order are common in cultivation: Jeru- 
saleum Cherry (Solatium Pseudo-Capsicum, a small shrub with red berries; Jasmine 
Solatium (S. jasminoides), a shrubby climber, with a profusion of nearly white blossoms a 
little smaller than those of the potato; the well-known Matrimony Vine (Lycium vulgare) ; 
Tree Datura or Stramonium (Datura arborea), with hanging flowers six or seven inches 
in length; Cestrum, a shrub with drooping tubular red flowers in terminal bunches; and 
Petunia, with funnel* form corollas of various colors. 

SOLANUM. 

S. elaeagnifolium, Sav. A low perennial, silvery, whitened by a dense coat of 
stellate hairs, of Den with small prickles: calyx 5-angled, lobes slender: corolla violet, an 
inch or less broad. Tulare Co. 

S. villosum, Lam. Annual, hairy: leaves an inch long or more, sinuate-dentate: 
corolla white,^minute. Introduced. 

S. alatum, Moenoh. Similar but with angular stem and red berries. Introduced. 

S. cupuliferum, Greene. Distinguished from S. umbelliferum by leaves trans- 
versely rugose, margin crisped, hairs with pustulate base and flat corolla. 

SCROPHULARIACEiE . 

A corolla more or less bilabiate, with the lobes imbricated in the bud; didynamous or 
diandrous stamens; a single style and a 2-celled ovary and capsule mark this large order, 
In Pentstemon there is a fifth rudimentary stamen. Verbascum has five perfect stamens. 
Key to genera and species, p. 158. 



SCROPHULARIACE.E. 



61 





3. e / 

a. Ripe capsule of Mi- 
mulus luteus. b. The 
same seen edgwise burst- 
ing open. c. A cross 
section of the same, show- 
ing the placentae and 
seeds, d. Pistil of Mi- 
mulus luteus. e. Front 
view of one of the an- 
Mimutus glutinosus. thers. f. Back view of 

the same. Above these are the stamens of Mi- 
mulus glutinosus united in pairs. 

a. Single flower and bract of Pedicularis densi- 
flora (galea flattened laterally, the pistil protrud- 
ing; the lower lip of 3 small lobes, 2 of which 
are shown.) b. A single flower of Castilleia. 

c. Single flower of Orthocarpus purpurascens* 

d. Front view of the same, with calyx removed. 
The lower lip (anterior or front part of the flower) 
3-lobed, the galea beaked and surpassing the 
stigma. 

This larg e order, numbering nearly 2,000 species, is remarkable for the great beauty 
of its flowers, and for the impartial distribution of its species over the whole world. 
Over 375 species, belonging to 37 genera, are natives of the United States. About 75 
species grow east of the Mississippi, and about 175 west of the Sierra Nevada in this 
State. 

LIN ARIA. 

Ii. vulgaris, Mill. Is occasionally found by roadsides. Stems very leafy: flowers 
yellow, an inch or more long, in a dense raceme. A native of Europe, often called 
Butter and eggs. 




62 SCROPHULARIACE.E. 

COLLINSIA. 

C. concolor, Greene. Near C. bicolor and probably only a variety distinguished 
by fewer red-purple flowers half as large, hairy calyx and more slender, revolute leaves. 
San Diego Co. 

C. Franciscana, Bioletti. Is a form described as intermediate between C. bicolor 
and C. sparsiflora: slender with thinnish foliage: leaves ovate or narrowed: pedicels 
1-6 in the axils of upper leaves, from shorter, to 2 or 3 times as long as the calyx: 
corolla 9 lines long, bluish dotted with purple, throat closed at the mouth. San Fran- 
cisco Bay region. 

C. arvensis, Greene. Erect, simple or with several nearly erect branches from the 
base, 10-18 inches high, glabrous except the very sparsely bristly-hairy leaf-margins: 
lowest leaves oval or oblong on petioles equaling the blade, 6 lines long, coarsely toothed 
or nearly lobed; stem leaves lanceolate to linear, sessile, revolute: flowers loosely 
racemose, deep violet, 9 lines long: calyx-teeth lanceolate-subulate, twice the length of 
the tube: corolla with compressed throat 3 lines long and broad, upper lip half the 
length of the lower and paler: filaments slightly hairy below. This has usually been 
referred to C, sparsiflora, which species Greene restricts to a small flowered form. 

C. Wri.gh.tii, ^Yatson. Divaricately branched, 3 or 4 inches high, glandular-hairy, 
viscid: leaves linear-oblong to lanceolate, entire: flowers pedicellate, 1 or 2 in the axils, 
the uppermost in a naked umbel: calyx 2 lines long: corolla but a little longer, throat 
and tube shorter than the broad lobes; lower lip blue, upper yellowish: pod 2-seeded. 
Near C. Torreyi. Alpine, in Kern Co. 

TONEI/LA. 

In Bay-Reg. Bot. this genus is united with Collinsia, and our species is there called 
C. tenella, Benth. 

PENTSTEMON. 

P. leucanthus, Greene. Erect, 4-6 feet high, pallid, glaucous: leaves linear-lanceo- 
late, entire: sepals ovate with acuminate tips: corolla white, 12-18 lines long, limb with 
short spreading lobes: anthers horseshoe-shape, filaments naked. Santa Barbara Co., 
John Spence. 

P. Sonomensis, Greene. Suffrutescent, evergreen, very leafy, 5-10 Inches high, 
slightly puberulent: leaves rather light green, coriaceous, denticulate, 6-9 lines long, 
short-petiolate, the uppermost round-ovate acutish, lower nearly orbicular and retuse: 
corolla 1 inch long, deep red, segments nearly equal, not widely spreading: anther 
slightly exserted, white, wooly. Better considered a variety of P. Menziesii, Hook., 
of which the type belongs on the North Coast. 



SCilOPHULARIACEiE. 63 

MIMULUS. 

M. glutinosus is Diplacus glutinosus in Bay-Reg. Bo* % 2, § 3, and § 4 make the 
genus Eunanus in Bay-Reg. Bot., and M. exilis is Mimetanthe pilosa, Greene. 

§ 3. Eunanus. 

Mimulus Austinae, Greene. Near M. mephiticus, but odorless and scarcely viscid, 
1-3 inches hi«h, much branched, leaves spatulate 6 lines long or more, entire with 3-5 
parallel veins: calyx teeth nearly equal: corolla yellow, throat purple dotted, tube long 
and slender, limb broad: pod attenuate, greatly surpassing the calyx. Modoc Co. 

M.Cusickii, Greene. A foot high or less, simple or branched; leaves broadly-ovate, 
very acute, entire sessile, 1 inch long or longer: calyx teeth very unequal, acute: corolla 
red-purple, tube slender, limb rotate, nearly regular, 6-10 lines broad. Or. and Wash. 

§ 5. Eumimulus. 

According to Greene Mimulus luteus is a South American species quite distinct 
from our species which has borne this name, and should be known by the name given to 
it long ago by an eminent French botanist; viz. 

M. guttatus, D. C. A very variable species, of which two varieties described by 
Greene are the most common; var. grandis. Greene, a stout perennial 2-5 feet high 
with round stems, usually simple above the decumbent base; the stem leaves orbicular 
to round-ovate, and those from the base petiolate and sometimes lyrate; the flowers an 
inch or more long, light yellow with red dotted throat, in racemes a foot or more in 
length: var. insignis, Greene, probably always annual, less than 2 feet high, the flowers 
with red dotted calyx and corolla with large, dark red spots. But there are too many 
intermediate forms to make these names worth much. 

M. arvensis, Greene. Annual, erect, simple, quadrangular stems, 1-2 feet high or 
more: lower leaves coarsely toothed and pastate or lyrate, the floral soft-hairy beneath: 
calyx 3-4 liues long, purple dotted, nearly truncate, becoming in fruit Q-8 lines long: 
pod compressed, nearly orbicular. 

M. subreniformis, Greene. Slender, 2-6 inches high: leaves 2-5 liues long, reni. 
form, with remote teeth, purplish beneath, roughish above, with short white hairs: corolla 
little exceeding the calyx, yellow with dark dots. Shasta Co. 

M. marmoratus, Greene. Decumbent, annual, 4-8 inches long, sparsely hairy: 
stem acutely angled: leaves ovate, reniform, toothed, red beneath, 6-9 lines long: calyx 
mottled, 4-5 lines long: corolla an inch or less in length, with slender tube and ample 
limb, the middle lobe large, hairy, with a red spot and dots. Knight's Ferry. F. W. 
Bancroft. 

M. deflexus, Wat. Slender, 2-3 inches high: leaves linear or broader, entire, less 
than 6 lines long: pedicels longer, spreading or reflexed: calyx slightly angled, nearly 
equally toothed, less than 3 lines long: corolla 6-8 lines long, upper lip deep purple, 



64 CONYOLYULACE.E. 

lower deep yellow, with bifid lobes, somewhat hairy and spotted below. Near M- 
bicolor. Mts. of Tulare. 

M. latidens, Greene. Annual, slender, much branched from the base, 3-10 inches 
high, glandular, soft-downy, leaves ovate or narrower, 6-12 lines long, 3-5 nerved, 
entire or sparingly toothed: calyx 3-6 lines long: corolla 3-5 lines long, nearly regular 
but limb very small, white. 

§ 6. Mimuloides. 

Greene, in Bay -Reg. Bot., makes a genus of this section, M. exilis being there called 
Mimetanthe pilosa, Greene. 

CASTTLLEIA. 

C. parviflora, Bong., is C. Douglasii, Benth., in Bay Beg. Bot. 

ORTHOCARPUS. 

O. versicolor, Greene. Slender, slightly reddish, mostly simple, 6 inches high or 
less: corolla with a shorter tube, and the sacs much larger than in O. erianthus, white 
fading pinkish, throat densely bearded. This was considered a form of O. erianthus 
by Gray. Greene puts the var. roseus here. 

Plantaginella, in Bay-Beg. Bot., is Limosella in this book, Wulfenia is Syn- 
thyris, and Adenostegia is Cordylanthus (the species rigida is C. filifolius). 

BELLARDIA, Allioni. 

B. Trixago, All. Stout, rigid, erect, 1 foot high or more: leaves lanceolate, cre- 
nate-serrate: spike thick, dense, 4-sided, several inches long: corolla 6-12 lines long, 
rose color and white, strongly bilabiate: upper lip enclosing in its concavity the 4 
stamens surpassed by the 3-lobed lower lip. Escape from gardens near Martinez. 

COXYOLYULACE^:. 

Herbs, usually twining or trailing, with alternate leaves (or scales) and regular per- 
fect flowers; the stamens as many as the lobes or angles of the corolla and alternate 
with them (5, rarely 4); the free persistent calyx of mostly distinct imbricated sepals; 
ovary 2-3 celled; capsules generally globular; seeds 1 to 6. Inflorescence axillary. 

Key to genera and species, p. 156. 

DICHONDRA. 

D. repens, Forster, Prostrate: leaves round-reniform: small flowers axillary; corolla 
deeply 5-lobed, yellow: carpels 2, distinct, hairy. Presidio, San Francisco. 

CONVOLVULUS. 

C. Binghamae, Greene. Perennial from creeping root stocks, the stems 3-6 feet 
long: leaves glabrous, oval or oblong acute, the base with a pair of obtuse hastate lobes: 
bracts oval to narrowly oblong, 4 lines long closely embracing the calyx which is twice 
as long- corolla white. In marshy places, Santa Barbara. Mrs. R. F. Bingham. 



LABIATE. 



65 



C. occidentalis. According to Greene this species is distinguished by broad keeled 
bracts which completely cover the calyx, and flowers a. third larger than those of C. 
luteolus, which has small braets growing 6 lines or more below the flower. The former 
grows south of Monterey, and the latter north. But Gray considered the latter as a 
form of C. occidentalis. 

C. subacaulis of Bay-Reg. Bot. is C. Californicus, Choisy. 

OROBANCHACE^. 

Root-parasitic herbs, destitute of leaves and green color. Distinguished from Scroph- 
•ulariacece by the 1-celled ovary: the p lacentse parietal. Key to genera and species, 
p. 1G9. 

LENTIBULARIACE^. 

Aquatic herbs. Upper lip of corolla interior in the bud: lower lip with a palate pro- 
jecting into the throat and a spur, 3-lobed. Key to genera and species, p. 169. 



LABIATE. 

Chiefly aromatic .herbs with square stems, opposite 
simple leaves, and no stipules, bilabiate corolla, didy- 
namous or diandrous stamens, and a 4-lobed ovary with 
a single style, forming seed-like nutlets iu the bottom of 
the persistent calyx. Flowers perfect, axillary. Calyx 
3-5 toothed or cleft, or bilabiate. Stamens on the tubes 
of the corolla. Style, 2-cleft at the apex, often un- 
equally so, or one of the lobes obsolete: stigmas minute. 
Key to genera and species, p. 170. 

MENTHA. 

The following mints have run wild in moist places: 

M. viridis, L. (Spearmint.) Green and glabrous, 
erect: leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, incisely serrate, 
or nearly so: flowers crowded in terminal spikes. 

M. piperita, Huds. (Peppermint.) Darker green: 
leaves petiolate, ovate to lanceolate: flowers in shorter, 
thicker spikes. 

M. Pulegium, L. (Pennyroyal.) Prostrate, much- 
branched: leaves smaller than those of the preceding, 
usually less than an inch long: calyx with a hairy ring. 

MONARDELLA. 




Right-hand Fig.— a. Flower of 
Sphacele calycina. b. Same with 
corolla cut to show stamens, 
pistil, and hairy ring inside, e. 
Fruit (4 globular akenes) of the 
same, lying in the bottom of the 
calyx, c. Flower and buds, 
showing inflorescence of Tri- 
chostema lanceolatum. d. Ripe 
fruit of the same (4 triangular 
akenes in the persistent calyx). 



M. Sheltonii, Torr, in Bay-Reg. Bot. is a variety of M. villosa, Benth. 
Botany — 5 



66 LABIAT.E. 

PYCNANTHEMUM. 

P. Californicum, Torr, is Koellia Californica in Bay-Reg. Bot. Whitish with 
soft hairs: leaves ovate or narrower, sessile: flowers white. 

MICROMERIA. 

M. purpurea, Gr. Greene thinks this is the common garden pennyroyal (Mentha 
pulegium, L.), but the description of the former in the Synoptical Flora of North 
America does not fit the latter plant. 

MELISSA, Tourn. 

M. officinalis, L., Common Balm, may be found outside of gardens occasionally. Its 
lemon-like odor distinguishes it from other mints. 

AUDIBERTIA and SALVIA. 

These genera are joined under the latter name in Bay-Beg. Bot., and a species of the 
former (A. polystachia) is the basis of a new genus Ramona, Greene, to which is 
also added A. humilis, which is the species described in Bay-Reg. Bot. 

NEPETA, Linn. 

N. cataria, L. (Catnip) and N. Glechoma, Benth, (Ground Ivy) are found occasion- 
ally. The former is erect, 2 feet high or more, somewhat hoary with minute downy 
hairs; the leave petiolate, ovate-cordate, coarsely toothed; the small flowers in short, 
dense spikes: calyx downy, 1-5 ribbed, teeth nearly equal; corolla bluish or nearly white; 
the upper pair of stamens projecting above the lower pair. The latter is a creeping 
plant with orbicular-reniform, crenate leaves; the blue flowers 9 lines long, usually six 
in a whorl in the axils of leaves on short, ascending branches. 

LAMIUM, Tourn. 

L. amplexicaule, L., is another European herb fairly established in San Jose and 
some other localities. Stems weak, leaves distant, the lower petioled, the upper sessile 
or clasping, crenately lobed and incised: slender purple corolla with spotted lower lip: 
anthers hairy. 

STACHYS. 

S. velutina, Greene. Stout, 2-6 feet high, soft-hairy: leaves rugose, short-petloled, 
cordate -ovate, 3-6 inches long: calyx-teeth spreading, corolla small, white with red 
dots and lines; upper lip deeply concave concealing the stamens. Too near S. albens. 

S. stricta, Greene. More slender than the last and smaller, less hairy, resinous- 
glandular: leaves narrower and thinner: corolla white, the upper lip sub-orbicular.-, 



PLANTAGINACE.E. 



67 



slightly concave, and not concealing the stamens, the back hairy; the lower lip with 
side lobes mere deflexed teeth. 

S. Califomica, Bentham. Distinguished from S. bullata by larger size (3-6 feet 
high), aromatic odor, ovate-cordate leaves and corolla darker. Perhaps only a moist 
ground vpriety of the latter. 



VERBENACEiE. 

Herbs or shrubs differing from Labiatce mainly in the 
ovary and fruit, which is undivided and 2-4-celled, at 
maturity either dry and splitting into as many 1-seeded 
nutlets, or drupaceous, containing as many little stones. 
Key to genera and species, p. 170. 

L.IPPIA. 

Li. cuneifolia, Steud. Diffusely branched from a 
woody base, procumbent, canescent: leaves rigid, 
cuneate-linear sessile, incisely toothed above the middle: 
peduncles short, bearing cylindrical heads 4 or 5 lines 
thick. River banks and subsaline plains of the Central 
Val., Greene. 

PLANTAGIXACE^E. 

This order is represented in North America by 
1. PLANTAGO, L. Plantain. 

Flowers in spikes or heads, bracteate. Calyx of 4 
persistent sepals free from the ovary. Corolla scarious, 
apparently dry, colorless, 2-lobed. Stamens 2 or 4 on 
the corolla alternate with its lobes, anthers versatile. 
Style filiform, bearded above. Stemless herbs with 
Verbena hastata (spikes and nerved or ribbed radical leaves and naked scapes of 
bracts), a. Ripe fruit removed small greenish or colorless flowers. Key to genera and 
from the calyx (natural size and spec i e s p. 174. 
magnified). F ' 




DIVISION 3. APETALiE. 



ARISTOLOCHIACE^. 

Twining shrubs or low herbs with perfect flowers, the conspicuous lurid calyx valvate 
in the bud and coherent with the 6-celled ovary, which forms a many-seeded 6-celled 
pod or berry in fruit. Stamens 6-12, more or less united with the style; anthers adnate, 
extrorse. Leaves petioled, mostly heart-shaped and entire. Gray's Manual, 

ARISTOLOCHIA. 

Calyx tubular, inflated above the ovary. Stamens 6, the sessile anthers adnate to 
the short stigma. 

A. Californica, Gr. (Pipe-Vine.) A twining shrub with large cordate leaves, 
flowers curved like a Dutch pipe, greenish, marked with brown or purple. 

2. AS ARUM. Tourn. 

Calyx regular, 3-cleft or parted. Stamens 12, with more or less distinct filaments 
their tips usually continued beyond the anther into a point. Stemless herbs with creep- 
ing rootstocks, bearing 2 or 3 scales, then one or two leaves, and terminated by a short 
peduncled flower close to the ground. 

A. caudatum, Lindl. (Wild Ginger.) The smooth, broadly cordate leaves usually 
mottled with white; calyx bell-shaped, the acuminate lobes spreading, brownish purple. 
Common in forests; the flowers likely to be hidden under leaves. 

A. Hartwegi, Watson. Stouter than the last: leaves cordate, mottled margin 
ciliate: peduncle stout, 6 lines long: calyx-lobes ovate, narrowed to a linear apex 1-1 J 
inches long: anther shorter than the appendage or produced filament above. 

A. Lemmoni, Watson. Leaves rounded at apex, flat: calyx lobes 4-6 lines long. 
Plumas Co. 

NYCTAGINACE^E. 

Herbs with mostly opposite and entire leaves, stems swollen at the joints, the tubular 

calyx corolla-like, its persistent base contracted, inclosing the 1 -celled, 1-seeded ovary, 

and becoming a sort of indehiscent pod. Flowers with an involucre encasing from one 

to many flowers. 

[68] 



POLYGONACE.E. 69 

MIRABALIS, Lina. 

Involucre calyx-like, 5-cleft, 1-12-flowered: perianth (corolla-like calyx) tubular or 
funnelform with a spreading limb: stigma capitate: ovary globose to oblong, smooth or 
ribbed. Perennial herbs with leaves nearly equal in the pairs. 

M. Frcebelii (Behr), Greene. Stout, spreading stems 2-3 feet long, viscid-hairy: 
leaves broadly ovate or narrower, the lower cordate often 4 inches long: involucre an 
inch long, usually 6-flowered: perianth broadly funnelform, about 1J inches long, 
purple. Southern Cal. 

M. Greenei, Watson. Similar to the last with thicker, larger leaves, the involucre 
7-10 flowered. Northern Cal. 

M. laevis (Benth), Curran. Viscid-hairy, yellowish green: leaves rounded ovate to 
cordate, 6-15 lines long: involucre 2-3 lines long; perianth 5 lines long. Southern Cal. 

M. Jalapa is the cultivated F our -o' clock or Marvel- of -Peru. 

ALLIONIA, L. 

A. incarnata, L. Slender, prostrate, woolly-hairy, viscid: leaves unequal pairs: 
involucre 3-flowered, 2-3 lines long: perianth 2-4 lines long, one lobe much shorter 
than the others, purple or white. Monterey S. 

ABRONIA, Juss. 

Calyx salverform, with obcordate lobes. Stamens 5, included, adnate to the tube. 
Style included; stigma, capitate or clavate. Fruit 2-5- winged. Embryo by abortion 
monocotyledonous, enfolding mealy albumen. Low herbs, with the opposite thick 
petioled leaves unequal, and the flowers in involucrate heads. Common on sandy sea 
beaches. A viscid exudation causes sand to stick to every part of the plants. 

A. latifolia. Esch. (Yellow Sand- Verbena.) Root perennial; stems procumbent; 
leaves very thick, sub-cordate to reniform, on thick petioles; flowers orange-yellow, 
fragrant. 

A. umbellata, Lamb. (Pink Sand- Verbena.) Annual; stems decumbent, leaves 
oblong or ovate, attenuate at base into slender petioles; flowers pink. 

A. maritima, Nutt. (Red Sand-Verbena.) Stouter than the last; leaves broader 
with shorter petioles; involucral bracts ovate; flowers bright red. From Santa Barbara 
southward. 

A. fragrans, Nutt., of the Columbia River, has white flowers. 

POLYGOXACE^E. 

Herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and stipules in the form of sheaths, or obsolete^ 
above the swollen joints of the stem; the flowers mostly perfect, with a more or less 



70 POLYGONACE.E. 

persistent calyx, a 1 -celled ovary, bearing 2 or 4 styles or stigmas, and a single seed. 
Stamens 4-12 inserted on the base of. the 3-6-cleft calyx. Rhubarb and buckwheat are 
the only wellknown plants of this order in cultivation. 

POLYGONUM. 

Calyx 5 parted; the divisions petal-like, persistent in fruit, and surrounding the 
usually 3-angled akene. Stamens 3 to 8. Styles or stigmas 2 or 3. Herbs with small 
flowers on jointed pedicels. 

Knot-weed or Yard-grass and Smart-weed belong to this genus. About 25 species are 
found in California, of which 2 or 3 are introduced weeds. Two or three species are 
useful forage plants (Saccaline, Knotgrass.) 

RUMEX, L. 

Calyx of 6 sepals; the three outer herbaceous, spreading in fruit; the three inner 
larger, somewhat petaloid, covering the akene in fruit (then called valves), and often 
bearing grainlike appendages on the outside. Stamens 6. Styles 3; stigmas tufted. 
Introduced weeds with small greenish flowers crowded and whorled in panicled racemes. 

The Docks and Sheep-sorrel are examples of this genus. Of the dozen species on this 
coast, half are introduced weeds. Canaigre, cultivated for the use of tanners, is a kind 
of Dock, native of this coast (R. hymenosepalus). 

ERIOGONUM, Michx. 

Flowers borne in a many-to-few-flowered calyx-like involucre of united bracts: the 
pedicels exserted, jointed to the flower, with bractlets at the base: calyx corolla-like, 
6-parted or deeply 6-cleft: stamens 9: akene triangular. Herbaceous or somewhat 
woody plants, usually with a w T oolly or scurfy pubescence: the entire leaves without 
stipules and mostly radical: juice frequently acid. Over 80 species grow west of the 
Mississippi, of which over 50 are Californian, mostly Alpine. 

CHORIZANTHE, R. Br. 

Flowers borne in 1-3 flowered involucres, which have 3-6 awned segments or teeth, 
the tube ribbed or angled. Stamens 9 (rarely 6 or 3): akene triangular. Annuals branch- 
ing dichotomously, the leaves few and mostly basal, ternate bracts at the joints. More 
than 20 species on this coast. 

OXYTHECA, Nutt. 

Flowers borne in few-flowered, pedicellate, awn-tipped or unarmed involucres, 
Perianth 6-parted: stamens 6: akene commonly lenticular. Slender annuals, branch- 
ing dichotomously, the leaves in a rosulate tuft at the base, bracts united at the base 
and leaf-like. Half a dozen species on this coast. 



APETALOUS TREES. 71 

PIPERACEiE. 

Herbs with jointed stems, alternate entire leaves and perfect tlowers in spikes, en- 
tirely destitute of floral envelopes. 

ANEMOPSIS, Hook. 

Flowers in a simple conical spadix, which is surrounded by a 5-S-leaved persistent 
colored involucre, each flower subtended by a free colored bract. Stamens 6 to 8, free, 
growing upon the immersed ovary. 

A, Californica, Hook. Stem simple, erect, 3 to 15 inches high, with a single broad, 
clasping leaf in the middle, and an axillary branchlet reduced to 1 or more petioled 
leaves; radical leaves oblong-oval, cordate at base, 2 to 6 inches long; involucre 1 to 1J 
inches broad, white, becoming brown. Used medicinally by the Mexicans, who call it 
Yerba Mansa. 

APETALOUS TREES. 

The Order Betulaceae (Birch Family) is represented in California by two Birches, 
which scarcely attain to the dignity of trees, and are confined to the high Sierras, and 
four Alders, two of which grow in the central part of the state, viz. : 

Alnus rubra, Bong. (Red Alder), and the more common 

Alnus rhombifolia, Nutt. (White Alder), which may be distinguished by its thinner 
leaves, not rusty beneath, and more slender branches not so distinctly dotted with white. 

Myrica Californica, Cham. (Bayberry) representing the Order Myricaceae, grows 
in moist places, and may be known by its thick oblanceolate serrate evergreen leaves 
and dense clusters of small fruit, whitened by a coat of wax. 

Umbellularia Californica, Nutt. (Order Hiauraceae), is the well-known Laurel. 

Platanus racemosa, Nutt, is the California Sycamore. 

The Order Salicaceae is represented by 4 or 5 Willows, large enough to be called 
trees, and 3 Poplars, viz. : 

Populus tremuloid.es, Michx. (Quaking Asp), a small tree, with whitish bark and 
round ovate leaves. In the high Sierra. The only Calif ornian tree, except one or two 
willows, found east of the Rocky Mountains. 

P. trichacarpa. Torr & Gr. (Cottonwood.) Petioles round; young bark brownish. 

P. Fremonti, Wat. (Fremont's cotton wood.) Petioles flattened; young bark yellowish. 

The Walnut Family is represented by Juglans Californica, the California Black 
Walnut. 

About a dozen kinds of Oak Trees, and several shrubs of the rme genus, with the 
chestnut-like Chinquapin, represent the Order Cupuliferae. 



72 ORCHIDACE.E. 



CLASS TI-EXDOGEXS OR MOKOCOT YLEDONS. 

Stems consisting of woody tissue and cellular tissue (pith) intermixed. Embryo mono- 
cotyledonous. 

ALISMACE^E. 

Marsh herbs, with leaves all radical, scape-like flowering steins, and (in our species) 
perfect flowers. Sepals and petals each three and distinct. Ovaries 3 to many; dis- 
tinct, or, at least, separating at maturity, forming 1-2-seeded pods. Stamens from 6 to 
many; anthers extrorse, 2-celied. Key to genera and species, p. 174. 

ORCHIDACEiE. 

Herbs with irregular 6-merous perianth adnate to the 1 -celled ov^ary; the ovules innu- 
merable on 3 parietal placentae, becoming fine sawdust-like seeds. One petal, called the 
lip, is unlike the other two. Stamens consolidated with the style forming the Column, 

This remarkable family of plants is chiefly tropical, one only — Calypso borealis— . 
reaches the limits of the Arctic Circle. Most of the tropical species are epiphytes. 
These cling to other plants, usually trees, by means of aerial roots, which, however, 
take no nourishment from the supporting plants. More than 2,500 kinds of epiphytal 
orchids are known, mostly South American. These are often remarkable for the beauty 
as well as oddity of their flowers, characters which make them the most admired of hot- 
house plants. But the wonderful mechanism of the flowers, by means of which insects 
effect cross-fertilization, is more interesting to the naturalist than perfume and beauty, 
which are the more common agents used by higher plants to ensure this aid of insects in 
the production of good seed. 

The only plant production of this order well known in commerce is vanilla, the fleshy 
pods of several creeping or climbing species of the genus Vanilla, all natives of Mexico, 
Colombia and Guiana. Key to genera and species, p. 175. 

HABENARIA. 

H. maritima, Greene, is more robust than H. elegans, with a short, thick spike of 
whiter, larger flowers; the lip pure white. 

H. Michaeli, Greene. Still more robust, the fleshy stem bearing many triangular 
or ovate acute, thin appressed bracts, the spike of greenish flowers 3 inches long; sepals 
and petals longer, 3 lines long: spur a third longer than the ovary. These two species 
may be forms of H. elegans. 

H. saccata, Greene. Two or more feet high, with a slender, leafy bracted raceme 
of green flowers; the side petals falcate, the linear lip much larger than the saccate 
spur. May be a form of H. gracilis. 



LILIACEJE. 



73 



SPIRANTHES is ORCHIASTRUM in Bay. Reg. BoL t and Epipactis is 
liimodorum. 

IRIDACE^E. 

Herbs with 2-ranked leaves, the flower buds inclosed by bracts. Perianth adherent 
to the ovary, segments in two, often unequal sets. Stamens 3. anthers extrorse. Ovary 
3-celled, style 1, stigma 3, often petaloid. Key to genera and species, p. 177. 

SISYRINCHIUM. 

This genus is Bermudiana in Bay-Reg. Bot. 

S. sarmentosum, Suksdorf. Stem and leaves very slender: segments of the small 
light blue perianth, all abruptly acuminate. Washington. 




Rower and buds of Calochortus albus, and the three - 
winged fruit outlined. 



LILIACE^E. 






Herbs, or rarely woody plants, with regular and symmetrical flowers; the perianth 
free from the chiefly 3-celled ovary, with the divisions all petaloid (except in Trillium 
and Calochortus), the stamens opposite the divisions of the perianth, usually 6 (rarely 3 
of them, not pollenifrous), sometimes only 3, and in one genus the parts of the flower 
in 2's. The antherless stamens in about a dozen of our species are not rudimentary, as 
in Collinsia, but well developed, as in Pentstemon, and probably as in that genus, 
assist insects in cross-fertilization, These stamens are called stammodia. Key to genera 
and species, p. 178. 



74 



LILIACE.E. 




ALLIUM. 

A. dichlamydeum, Green Leaves few, shorter than the scape, which is about a 
foot high: perianth deep rose color 5 lines long, outer segment spreading, inner erect, 
entire: ovary crested. Resembling A, serration, which has smaller flowers with serru- 
late segments. 

A. crispum, Greene. Scape 5-8 inches high, thickened upward: spathe 1-valved 
pedicels 12-25, 1 inch long: perianth light purple, 3-4 lines long, the outer segments 
oblong-ovate plane, entire, the inner lanceolate, the margins undulate: ovary not crested. 
Near A. serratum. Paso Robles. 

A. monospermum, Jepson. Size and habit of A. atteimifolium, but 3 or 4 scapes 
from the red bulb: pedicels 50-80: perianth pale purple: filaments with broadly deltoid 

united bases; pod maturing but one seed. Vac 
Mts. 

BBODIiEA. 

Prof. Green has again elaborated this genus and 
its allies, but we shall retain the names of his first 
revision. In Bay-Reg Bot. Dichelostemma re- 
places Brodiaea and Brevoortia is added, becom- 
ing D. Ida-Maia, while B. volubis becomes D 
Californicum. The other species retain the old specific 
names with the final "a" changed to "urn," since Dichel- 
ostemma is neuter. 

HOOKERA. 

H. leptandra, Greene. Scape slender, a foot or less high; 

umbel 2-nowered: perianth purple, an inch long; segments 

linear, spreading above free portion of the filaments 3 lines 

long: anthers linear, 3 lines long; staminodia 

thin, involute, retuse. 



TRITELEIA. 

The yellow flowered species of this genus ap- 
pear in Bay-Beg, Bot. under the generie name 
Caliprora, and the white flowered one is Hes- 
peroscordum. 

T. Hendersoni, Watson. Near T. Bridgesii. 
Scape and leaves about a foot long: leaves 3-5 
lines broad: perianth salmon-color with brown- 
purple nerves, 6-9 lines long, the segments about 




Brodi&a capitata. 




d e 

Hookera terrestris. 



LILIAOE. 



75 





a 

Triteleia Hya- 
cinthina. 



as long as the tube: stamens in one row, 
the filaments equal. Oregon. 

T. scabra, Greene. Scape 6-8 inches 
high, scabrous, the leaves scabrous — 
serrulate:' perianth segments broad, ob- 
tuse or retuse: forks of the filaments 
slender, erect; anthers white. 

T. Hendersoni, Greene. Scape and 
leaves about 10 inches high: pedicels 6-8, slender, 1-2 
inches long: perianth funnel-form, 9 lines long cleft to the 
middle, yellowish with purple veins: filaments equal, free 
above the perianth tube: anthers less than a line long,, 
blue, obtuse. Or. 
Greene, is in Bay-Reg. Bot. Hesperoscordum lacteum, LindL 

BREVOORTIA. 

B. coccinea in the key should be B. Ida-Maia, Wood. In Bay-Reg. Bot. it is 
Dichelostemma Ida-Maia, (Wood) Greene. It was named by Prof. Alfonso Wood 
for the stage driver's little daughter who was with him when he first saw the flowers, 
(1866). No matter what generic name is finally fastened upon it by botanists the chil- 
dren of California will call it Ida May's Fire-crackers. 

Smilacina is Vagnera in Bay-Reg. Bot. Maianthemum is Unifolium, and 
Prosartes is Disporum, the specific names unchanged in the first and last; M. bi- 
folium of this book is U. dilatatum in Greene's manual. 



Triteleia laxa, 



T. hyacinthina, 



FRITLLLARIA. 

F. coccinea, Greene. Stems 8-18 inches high: leaves in 2 or 3 whorls, linear-lan- 
ceolate: flowers 1-4, an inch longer: segments not recurved at tip, yellow and scarlet, 
checkered: styles distinct above, stigmas linear: pod obtusely angled. Sonoma and 
Napa Co's. 

F. biflora. var. agrestis, Greene. Stem 1-2 feet high from an ovoid cluster of 
sub-cylindraceous bulb-scales: leaves a whorl of 3 below the upper alternate ones: flow- 
ers 3-6, nodding-campanulate, greenish, an inch long, odor bad: Stamens shorter than 
the pistil: style cleft nearly to the base. Interior Coast Range. 

F. glauca, Greene. Stems 6-8 inches high: leaves alternate, oblong-lanceolate, 
glaucous: flowers 1-2, very broadly campanulate, greenish or purplish, the segments an 
inch long. Near Waldo, Or. 

F. mutica in Bay-Reg. Bot. is F. lanceolata, Pursh., var. fioribunda, Benth., of 
this book. 



76 LILIACE.E. 

F. pudica, Sprengel. Bulb of 2 or 3 large, rounded scales and many smaller ones : 
stem 3-8 inches high: leaves 3-8 narrowly oblanceolate or linear, scattered or nearly 
verticillate, 2-4 inches long, flowers often solitary (1-6), nodding, yellow or orange, 
often purple-tinged, 5-9 lines long, scarcely spreading. Yreka, Cal., Miss Lillian Vivian. 

ERYTHRONIUM. 

E. gigaiiteum, Lindl. Leaves 6-10 inches long, narrowed to a short margined 
petiole; scape 10-15 inches high, 1-6-flowered: perianth cream-color tinged with pink, 
yellow at base; segments broadly lanceolate, 12-18 lines long, recurved. This is under 
E. grandiflorum in the key (var. Smithii) but considered a distinct species by Greene. 

E. Hartwegi, Wats. Described by Greene in Bay-Reg. Bot. as having pale yellow 
■flowers with orange center and segments scarcely recurved, is, according to him, the 
species growing about Healdsburg on the Russian River and northward. 

E. Hendersoni, Wat. Leaves mottled: scape 1-2 flowered, perianth recurved, 18 
lines long, pale purple with darker base fringed with pale yellow; petals auriculate 
above the short claw, the auricles sub-saccate with globose-inflated scales: slender fila- 
ments purple: style clavate, short-lobed stigma cupulate. Oregon. 

E. citrinum, Wat. Similar, flowers smaller, lemon-color with broad orange spots 
at the base, tips purple-tinged, the filaments yellow or white. Oregon. 

E. Howellii, Wat. Distinguished from the preceding two by pale pink perianth 
segments with basal orange spots and petals without auricles and scales. 

CALOCHORTUS. 

C. collinus, Lemmon. Glaucous, 3-10 inches high, simple or branching: flowers 2-6 
on pedicds 3-6 inches long: sepals elliptical, greenish yellow: petals creamy white ob- 
ovate, slightly concave 6-9 lines long; gland cuneate, ciliate, purplish: stamens longer 
than the pistils: obtuse cblong anthers a line or less long: pods nodding. Near C. 
Maweanus. 

C. Lyoni, Wat. Branching stem 1-2 feet high, usually several flowers: sepals 
naked, acute: petals 12-20 lines long, lilac or purplish, the oblong hairy gland in a 
larger dark spot: anthers obtuse, 2 lines long or less. Los Angeles. 

C. albus, Dougl, Var. rubellus, Greene. Flowers longer and narrower than the 
type, rose-colored. Monterey. 



ANALYTICAL KEY 



TO 



GENERA AND SPECIES 



OF 



WEST COAST PLANTS. 



CLASS I.-EXOGENS OR DICOTYLEDONS. 

[77] 



RANUNCULACEJB. 79 



DIVISION I. POLYPETAL^L 
RANUNCULACEJE. 

• Petals and sepals similarly colored, 

Sepals and petals slender: carpels 3 to 8 on stipes: smooth; evergreen •• 8 

Petals 5 spur-like sacs: follicles 5: flowers nodding: leaves compound 10 

Upper sepal with a spnr enclosing spurs of two petals: petals 4 11 

Upper sepal a hood enclosing spurs of two petals 12 

Minute white flowers in dense capitate racemes: pistil single 15 

Flowers pinkish or whitish on scapes 6 

Flowers solitary on scapes: receptacle elongated: leaves slender, entire 3 

* * Petals and sepals not similarly colored. 

Petals yellow white or pinkish: akenes small, beaked 6 

Petals fleshy, dull purple: follicles large: leaves glauceus 14 

* * * Petals wanting : sepals petaloid. 

Woody climbers: leaves opposite : sepals 4 : akenes plumose 1 

A whorl of leaves below the flower: akenes many 2 

Leaves cordate: sepals greenish, large: follicles 5 to 12 7 

Leaves 2-3-temately compound: follicles pointed . . 8 

Flowers small, greenish, in panicles: leaves 2-3 ternate ••••• 3 

Flowers small, white; panicles corymbose, akenes 4-angled, inflated. .....•••...••<... 4 

1. CLEMATIS, Linnaeus 

1. 0. Ugnsticifolia, Nuttall. Leaves 5-foliolate: sepals white, sflfty. 

2. C. lasiantha, Nutt. Leaves 3-foliolate: peduncles l-2-braotoata. 

3. G. pauciflora, Nutt. Leaves fascicled: akenes smooth. 

4. 0. verticillaris, DC. Flowers bluish purple, large, solitary. 

2. ANEMONE, Linnana. 

i. A. occidentalism Watson. Akenes plumose- tailed: alpine. 

% A. multiflda, DO. Akenes densely woolly: sepals villous. 

3. A. nemorosa, Linn. Leaves 3, petioled, ternate, ineisely lobed. 

4. A. deltoid ea, Hooker. Leaves usually entire, serrate. 



gO RANUNCULACEJB. 

8. THALICTRUM, Touraefort. 

1. T. polycarpum, W Aon. Akenes in dense heads, 2 or 3 lines long, 

2. T. occidentalism Gray. Akenes 1 to 6, 3 or 4 lines long, narrower* 
1. T. sparsinorum, Tnrcz. Anthers obtuse; fruit heads nodding. 

4. TBAT7TVETTEBIA, Pisoher & Meyer. 
1. T. grand is, Nutt Slender: leaves few, 5-7-lobed, laciniate-toothed. 

6. MYOSUBUS, Linnaeus. 

1. M, minimus, Linn. Receptacle in fruit 1 or 2 inches long, 

2. M. aristatafl, Benth. Receptacle shorter, akenes beaked. 

8. M. sessilis, Watson. Flowers sessile: fruit heads 2 to 6 lines long. 

6. RANTJNCXTLUS, Linn. 

• Aquatic: leaves round-reniform and lobed or, token submersed, jUiform-dissecied. 

Petals white: akenes wrinkled crosswise • 1,2 

Petals yellow: akenes not wrinkled „ 6 

* • Not aquatic : leaves all radical : scapes naked or 1-t bracteate, mostly 1-floweredi 

sepals petaloid. 

Sepals white: petals minute: leaves cordate or reniform ••••• 3 

Sepals pinkish, persistent petals pink: leaves compound , 4 

* * * Usually growing in wet places. 

Leaves all entire, oval or narrower 7, 8, 0, 10 

Leaves rather fleshy, simple or 3-f oliolate; lobes rounded 5, 19 

• « • • 2? t aquatic but some species growing in wet places: leaves variously divided 

or lobed. 

Alpine, tufted: leaves round-reniform to cuneate, small 11 

Some or all the leaves ternately compound: stems branching. 

Petals usually more than 6 15 

Petals usually 5 13, 16, 17, 18, 19 

aquatilis, Linn. var. heterophyllus. Sepals deciduous: receptacle hairy. 
Lobbii, Hiern. Sepals persistent enclosing the few akenes. 
hystriculuj, Gray. Akenes 2 or 3 lines long, tapering ; beak hooked. 
Andersoni, Gr. Akenes bladdery, 4 or 5 lines long. 
Cymbalaria, Pursh. Akenes enlarging upward; beak oblique* 
multifLdus, Pursh. Petals 5 to 8 with a large scale; beak straight, 
pusillus, var. Lindheimeri, Gr. Akenes granulate. 
Flammula, Linn. var. reptans, Gr. Akenes subglobose. 



i. 


B. 


2. 


B. 


3. 


B. 


4. 


B. 


5. 


B. 


6. 


B. 


7. 


B. 


a. 


B. 



RANUNCULACE.fi. 81 

9. R. alisma&folius, Geyer. Smooth: akenes in globose head. 

10. R Hiemmoni, Gr. Sepals villous: akenes pubescent. 

11. R oxynotus, Gr. Leaves small: sepals hairy: heads oblong. 

12. R. Bloomeri, Watson. Akenes straight- beaked. 

13. R. occidentalis. Akenes flat, often rough ; beak curved. 

14. R. canus, Benth. Densely soft villous when young. 

15. R. Californicus, Benth. Petals narrowly obovate, 6 to 20. 

16. R. hispidus, Michx. Hispid: calyx scarcely reflexed. 

17. R. orthorhynchus, Hooker. Akenes nearly 2 lines long. 

18. R. hebecarpus, Hook. & Arn. Flowers minute: akenes bristly. 

19. R. muricatus, Linn. Akenes prickly, large, strong-beaked. 

7. CALTHA, Linnaeus. 
1. C. leptosepala, D C. Scape-like stems 1 -flowered. 

8. COPTIS, Salisbury. 

1. 0* asplenifolia. Salis. Small petals pouched: sepals slender. 

2. 0. occidentalis, T. & G. Petals not pouched, linear. Or. 

9. ISOPYRUM, Linnaeus. 
L I. occidentalis, Hook. & Arn. Several flowers: follicles 6 lines long. 

2. I. stipitatum, Gray. One flower: follicles stipitate, 3 lines long, obtnsa 

3. I. Hallii, Gray. Large: 7 to 9 flowers: follicles smaller, acuminate. 

10. AQTJILEGIA, Tournefort. 

1. A* truncata, F. & M. Petals truncate, red, yellow- tinged, CaL 

2. A. formosa, Fischer. Similar: petals longer outside. Oregon. 

3. A* ccerulea, James. Flowers blue to white: spurs very slender. 

11. DELPHINIUM, Tourn. 
Flowers blue, purple or white, in terminal racemes. 

Capsule pubescent 1, 2, 8, 5 

Capsule glabrous 4, 6, 7, 8 

Flowers red or yellowish in loose racemes* 9, 10 

1. D. simplex, Douglas. Stem and raceme strict: sepals 4 or 5 lines long. 

2. D. variegatum, T. & G. More hairy raceme loose: sepals 6 to 10 lines long. 

3. D. Menziesii, DO. A longer spur: upper petals purple- veined. 

4. D. decorum, F & M. Usually smooth: flowers like the last. 

6. D. depauperatum, Nuttall. Smaller: possibly variety of the last. 



1. 


D. 


r 


D. 


i 


D. 


r 


D. 


10. 


D. 



B2 NYMPHiEACEiB. 

Californicum, T. & G. Dull blue flowers velvety: raceme close, 
glaucum, Watson. Glaucous: pale blue flowers: raceme narrow, 
trollifolium, Gray. Smooth: leaves shining: flowers large, 
nudicaule, T. & G. Follicles narrowed at base: 6 to 12 lines long, 
cardinale, Hooker. Follicles broader at base, shorter: flowers larger, 

12. ACONITUM, Tournefort. 
t. A. Columbianuxn, Nutt. Blue flowers or rarely white: hood beaked. 

13. ACTJEA, Linnaus. 
1. A. spicata, var. argnta, Torrey. Leaves 2-3-ternate: berries red. 

14. PiEONIA, Linn. 
1. P. Bro Willi, Dougl, Leathery sepals persistent: seeds 5 or 6 lines long, 



BERBERIDACE.E. 

Low shrubs with spiny-toothed pinnate leaves : flowers yellow ••*•••••»•«•« 1 

Herb: leaves radical, ternately compound: flowers nodding, white •*••••.•••••*«• 2 

Herb : radical 3-f oliolate leaf solitary : sepals and petals wanting. 8 

1. BERBERIS, Linnaeus. 

1. B. repens, Lindley. Leaflets 3 to 7, ovate, not shiny: not a foot high. 

2. B. Aquifolium, Pursh. Leaflets 7 or more, shiny: berries globose. 

3. B. pinnata, Lag. Petiole short or leaflets at the base: fruit long-ovoid. 

4. B. nervosa, Pursh. Leaflets palmately nerved, 11 to 17. 

2. VANCOUVERIA, Morren & Decaisne. 
1. V. hexandra, M. & D. Panicle of white flowers on a scape. 
Var. aurea. Flowers yellow, larger. S. W. Or. ( V. aurea, Greene.) 

3. ACHLYS, DeCandolle. 
1. A* triphylla, DO. Scape ending in a slender spike of minute flowers* 



NYMPH^ACEiE. 

Leaves elliptic-peltate, floating: stems jelly-coated »«*»•*•*•»*•««•*»••»« 1 

Leaves oblong-cordate, large : flowers large, globose, yellow ..........••••.. 2 



PAPAVERACEiE. 83 

1. BBASENIA, Schreber. 
1. B. peltata, Pursh. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long: white or purplish floweia. 

1. NTJPHAB, Smith. 
1. N. polysepalum, Engeim. Leaves 6 to 12 inches long} stigma broad. 

SARRACENIACEJE. 

Darlingtonia Californica, Torrey. Hooded tabular leaves with a pair of mus- 
tache-like appendages above the opening: solitary flower nodding on a bracteate scape, 

papaveracej:. 

# Herbs with entire narrow leaves ; the uppermost whorled or opposite: sepals 3, caducous* 
petals 6 in 2 rows, white or yellowish 

Filiform stigmas 6 to many; ovaries forming a cylinder . . .. 1 

Stigmas 3; capsule triangular-ovoid to obovoid or linear 2 

* * Herbs with divided or lobed alternate leaves. 

Sepals 3, winged on the back: half shrubby 8 

Sepals 3 or 2, sharp-horned: bristly with stiff prickles -.. ^. ►. . 4 

Sepals 2: stigma slightly 4-8-lobed : slender purplish filaments, ................ 5 

Sepals united into a conical cap: slender stigmas unequal * . . . ♦„ . . 6 

* * * Shrubs or woody based perennials. 

Sepals 2: buds globular: stigmas 2: leaves entire 7 

Sepals 3: petals 6, very large, white: leaves pinnatifid ._. .•»••«« „.„ . 8 

1. PLATYSTEMON, Bentham. 

I. P. Calif ornicus, Benth. Hirsute: peduncles long, axillary, 

2. PLATYSTIGMA, Bentham. 

1. P. lineare, Benth. Hirsute: stems short: peduncles long: stamens many* 

2. P. Calif ornicum, B. & H. Capsule 9 to 15 lines long: stamens 10 to 12. 

3. P. Oreganum, B. & H. Capsule shorter: stamens 4 to 6: smaller. 

4. P. denticulatum, Greene. Leaves denticulate: stamens 6 to 9. 

3. BOMNEYA, Harvey. 
1. B. Coulteri, Harv. White flowers 3 or more inches broad: glaucous leavea 

4. ABGEMONE* Linnaeus, 
1. A. hispida, Gray. Densely prickly, petals and stamens only excepted. 



g 4 FUMARIACBiB. 

5. MECONOPSIS, Viguier. 
L M. heterophylla, Benth. Capsule truncate, ribbed, beaked. 

6. ESCHSCHOLTZIA, Chamisso. 
[Cup-like torus enclosing the ovary 2-margined; the inner membranous, the outer and 
lower usually thicker (First shown by E. L. Greene)]. 

• Outer margin of the obconical torus a broad green or reddish rim, 

1. E. Califorxiica, Cham. Smooth, perennial, often decumbent. 

• * Torus without conspicuous rim, cylindrical or nearly so. 

2. E. Austin©, Greene. Erect, branching, hairy below. 

3. E. tenuifolia, Benth. Scape-like peduncles square, very slender. 

4. E. rhombipetala, Greene. Square peduncles rough, stout: petals fugacious, 

7. DENDROMECON, Bentham. 
1. D. rigidum, Benth. Leaves ovate or narrower, rigid, vertical. 

FUMARIACE.E. 

Corolla flattened heartshaped or 2-spurrei at base *....,•»*•*•..••• 1 

Corolla 1 -spurred at base, deciduous ►.••♦•^•••••••-••*. 2 

1. DICENTRA, Borkhausen. 

* Flowers drooping on a scape : filaments lightly united, 

1. D. formosa, DC. Raceme com'pd: persistent petals united, rose color. 

2. D. vm i flora, Kellogg. Flower solitary, J inch long: capsule short. 

3. D, paucinora, Watson. Flowers 1 to 3, 8 to 12 lines long: capsule exserted. 

4. D. cucullaria, DC. Raceme simple: spurs divergent. 

* * Flowers narrow, erect, in panicles on leafy stems, 
6. D. chrysantha, H. & A. Petals yellow, 6-9 lines long, tips widely divergent. 
6. D. ochroleuca, Engelmann. Petals yellowish, longer, tips less divergent. 

2. CORYDALIS, Ventenat. 

1. C. aurea, Willd. var. occidentalism Gr. Flowers golden yellow. 

2. C. Scouleri, Hook. Flowers rose-colored in spreading racemes. 

3. C. Caseana, Gr. Flowers white or cream-color, bluish tipped. 

4. C. BidwelliflB, Watson. Similar, but crest entire, spur curved* 

CRCCIFEILE. 

1 1. Pods splitting when ripe, the sides (valves) separating from a central pair of 
ribs (placenta) which bear the seeds and usually frame a transparent partition. 



CRUCIFERB. 85 

• Pods flattened parallel with the partition, the placental ribs forming the margin: radick 
of the bent embryo lying against one edge of the cotyledons (accumbent),* 

Pods orbicular, nerveless: flowers small, white or yellowish. 

Pods large, flat: seeds orbicular, flat, thin -margined: scapes 1 -flowered ... . . 1 

Pods less than 2 lines broad: flowers in racemes: leaves spatulate, entire . . . . . 2 

Pods ovate or lanceolate to linear or oblong not an inch long 8 

Pods narrowly linear, valves nerveless, partition thickened. 

Pods long-beaked: stem leaves few, close together near the top „... . 4 

Pods short-beaked: leaves scattered: racemes longer 5 

Pods linear or narrower, an inch or more long, 1 -nerved: seeds flat. 

Anthers short: petals white, purple or rose-color: claw narrow, blade flat. 6 

Anthers sagittate at base: petals usually unequal and crispate or twisted. 7 

Sepals broad, not colored, the outer gibbous: petals broad, blade flat 8 

# * Pods terete or scarcely flattened, often J^-anglcd: radicle lying against the side of the 

cotyledons or embracing them (incumbent), or turned partly to one side (oblique). 
t Pods slender, 1 to 4 inches long; valves 1 -nerved : seeds oblong, slightly flattened; cotyledons 

often oblique. 

Flowers white to purple: anthers sagittate. 

Petals undulately crisped, little exceeding the large sepals: claw broad .....*., 9 

Petals with flat limb much exceeding the narrow sepals , 10 

Flowers yellow, large: stem leaves narrow, mostly entire. 

Anthers linear, at length coiled: pods on long stipes, curved , 11 

Anthers sagittate: stigma 2-lobed: pod 4-angled ; no stipe 12 

1 1 Pods linear, often less titan an inch long: seeds in one row (except in 1st sp's* of No* IS 
and in No. 16): at least the lower leaves pinnatifld. 

Seeds globose: cotyledons infolding the radicle: anthers sagittate 13 

Seeds oblong: anthers oblong: leaves lyrately pinna tifid, smooth 14 

Seeds oblong, small: anthers sagittate: petals 1 to 3 lines long. . 15 

Seeds in two rows: pods 4 to 6 lines long; valves nerveless 16 

t T t Pods oblong'Ovoid to globose, beaked with the slender style. 

Densely stellate-pubescent: leaves mostly entire: flowers yellow •. 17 

* * * Pods flattened contrary to the narrow partition. 

Pods linear, J to 2 J inches long, on slender axillary peduncles *•••»•••••• 18 

Pods ovoid, scarcely flattened, on slender scapes. Aquatic 19 

Pods linear, nearly terete: cotyledons 3-parted : petals included ..........c 20 

Pods angular-obcordate or oblong-obovate, many-seeded ••.••• 21 

Pods oblanceolate to obovate or cuneate-oblong, 4-8-seeded . . . 22 

Pods orbicular to obovate, 2-winged above, 2-seeded •••••...... 23 

§ 2. Pods not splitting open when ripe: petals minute or wanting except in the last. 
Pods with 2 small globular seed-like cells, rough. 24 



86 CRUCIFBR^L 

Pods elliptical, twisted, flat, 2 lines long, 6- 10- seeded 25 

Pods minute, orbicular, bristly with hooked hairs, 1 -seeded 26 

Pods orbicular or obovate, broadly margined, plano-convex, 1 -seeded. 27 

Pods terete, spongy-inflated, tapering above, an inch or more long . 28 

1. PLATYSPEBMUM, Hooker. 
i. P. scapigerum, Hook. Glabrous: leaves mostly runcinately lobed. 8. N. Mta, 

2. ALYSSTJM, Tournefort. 

1. A* calycinum, L. Petals white or yellowish: sepals persistent: pods 4-seeded. 

2. A* maritimum, L. Petals white: pods 2- seeded (known as Sweet Alyssum). 

8. DBABA, Linnaeus. 
Stems leafy. Nos. 1 to 4. Stems scape-like, few-flowered, not annuals. Nos. 5 to 10. 

1. D. cuneifolia, Nutt. Hirsute, 1 to 6 inches high: petals white, 1 or 2 lines long, 

2. D. stenoloba, Ledeb. Larger, montane or alpine: petals yellow, obtuse. 

3. D. aureola, Watson. Densely stellate-hairy: raceme dense: petals yellow. 

4. D. corrugata, Watson. Pubescence coarser: racemes looser: pod contorted. 
6. D. crassifolia, Graham. Glabrous: yellow petals a line long: pods acute. 

6. D. Douglasii, Gr. Glaucous: scapes 6 to 18 lines long: petals white. 

7. D. Lemmoni, Wats. Stout caudex branching: scapes an inch high: petals yellow. 

8. D. eurycarpa, Gr. Pod ovate, beaked, 5 to 10 lines long. Sonora Pass. 

9. D. alpina, L. Petals yellow, 1 \ to 2 J lines long. Alpine, 

10. D. Howellii, Watson. Similar: petals 3 or 4 lines long: pods often one-sided 
N.W. Cal. 

4. DENT ART A, Linnaeus. 

1. D. tenella, Pursh. Leaves 1 to 3, 2-5-parted: flowers 3 to 6 lines long. 

2. D. California a, Watson. Leaves 2 to 4, toothed, rarely 3- lobed: petals rose-color. 

5. CARDAMINE, Linnaeus. 

Leaves pinnate with several pairs of small leaflets 1, 2, 8 

Leaves pinnate with larger leaflets, or simple. 
Radical leaves 5-7-foliolate; stem leaves with 5 to 9 entire leaflets..... „♦...,..,.. ...... 4 

Radical leaves mostly simple; stem leaves 3-5-f oliolate ••••••••••• 5, 6 

Leaves all ternate, the leaflets 3-5-lobed or toothed: tall............. 7 

Leaves all simple; margin sinuate or entire •• 8, 9 

1. C. Gambelii, Watson. Leaflets 9 to 13, sessile, acute: petals 4 lines long. 

2. 0. oligospermia, Nutt. Leaflets 7 to 11, petiolulate: petals 1 to 1$ lines long. 

3. C. hirsuta, L. Stouter: leaflets sessile: flowers larger in longer racemes. 



4. 


a 


6. 


c. 


6. 


c. 


7. 


0. 


8. 


c. 


9. 


a 



CKUCIFERA 87 

cuneata, Greene. Tuberiferous like the next: leaflets petiolulate. 
paucisecta, Benth. Petals 6 to 9 lines long, white or pinkish; 
Breweri, Watson. Terminal leaflet much the largest: petals 2 lines long, 
angulata, Hook. Flowers few, 3 to 4 lines long: pods short. Oregon, 
cordifolia, Gr. Stout: leaves cordate- orbicular or narrower, 
bellidifolia, L. Alpine, tufted, 2 or 3 in. high: leaves entire. 

6. ARABIS, Linnaeus. 

Pods straight, strictly erect or ascending. 

Flowers white, 2 or 3 lines long, in dense elongated racemes .....-♦♦ 1 , 9 

Flowers light pink or rose color, 2 or 3 lines long. Alpine .. 3, 4 

Flowers rose-purple, 6 to 9 lines long: leaves dark green, ciliate 5 

Pods curved and usually (except No. 6) more or less reflexed. 

Pods 3 in. long, ascending: stout, 2 ft. high, branching 6 

Pods 1 to 4 in. long, strongly reflexed: stem erect, J to 2 ft. high 7, 8 

Pods 3 or 4 in. long, scarcely a line wide, spreading, recurved 

Pods similar, shorter: stem simple, 2 to 10 in. high, villous 10 

1. A. perfoliata, Lam. Glaucous, stout, 2-4 ft. high: leaves crowded clasping. 

2. A. hirsuta, Scop. Smaller, more hairy: pods half as long, 1-2 in. Or. 

3. A. Liyallii, Watson. Bright green or glaucous, slender: leaves clasping. 

4. A. platysperma, Gr. Canescent with stellate hairs: pods 2 lines wide. 

5. A. blepharophylla, H. & A. Smooth, often tufted. Coast. Monterey to S. F. 

6. A. repanda, Watson. Leaves 3-4 in. long, sinuate toothed: petals 2-3 lines long. 

7. A. Holboellii, Hornem. Petals 3-4 lines long, white to purple, reflexed. 

8. A. subpinnatifida, Watson. Leaves coarsely toothed: petals pinkish. 

9. A. arcuata, Gr. Canescent, hairs branching: petals violet 4-6 lines long. 

10. A. Breweri, Watson. Petals deep rose, 1-4 lines long: sepals purplish. 

7. STBEPTANTHUS, Nuttall. 

Glabrous or glaucous: stem-leaves clasping by cordate or sagittate base. 

Stem-leaves thick, usually toothed, cordate to narrowly ovate •*..♦. 1 

Stem-leaves rounded cordate, often crowded, entire: pods curved 2 

Stem-leaves ovate to lanceolate, acute: pods nearly straight, slender 3 

Stem-leaves spatulate: sepals broad, 3 lines long: petal-blades purple 4 

Stem-leaves very narrow, pinnatifid; or some entire, small and cordate 5 

Stem-leaves very slender, margins involute: outer larger sepals subcordate. 6 

Glaucous: racemes zigzag: calyx Bubglobose, black purple 7 

More or less hispid with simple hairs: flowers purple or red. 

Stem-leaves auriculate-clasping, toothed: racemes one-sided 8, 

Stem-leaves scarcely clasping: raceme short: flowers often recurved 10 



88 



CRUCIFERjE. 



2. 


S. 


3. 


S. 


4. 


s. 


5. 


8. 


6. 


S. 


7. 


S. 


8. 


s. 


9. 


s. 


10. 


s. 


11. 


s. 



8tem -leaves an inch or less long, not clasping: flowers and pods erect 11 

1. S. cordatus, Nntt. Petals 4-6 lines long, yellowish to purple. 

tortuosus, Kellogg. Petals similar: pods narrower (a line wide). 

Breweri, Gr. Petals 3-5 lines long, purple: pods 1J to 2£ in. long. 

Howellii, Watson. Collected in S.W. Or. by Thos. Howell in 1884. 

diversifolius, Watson. Pods strongly reflexed, slender. Cosumnea River. 

polygaloides, Gr. Sepals yellow: petals purple scarcely exserted. 

niger, Greene. Petals with purple claw and minute veinles white blade. 

peramsenus, Greene, calyx magenta: blade cf petals white, purple-veined. 

glandulosus, Hook. Petals red-purple, 6 to 8 lines long, 
hispidus, Gr. Hirsute, 2-5 in. high: red-purple petals 4-6 lines long. 
fLavescens, Hook. Petals yellowish, linear: sepals half as long, acute. 

8. CHEIBANTHUS, Linnaeus. 

1. C. Menziesii, B. & H. Smooth stems scape-like: petals purple. This is Phceni- 
caulk Menziesii, Greene (the generic name given by Nuttall). 

2. C. asper, C. & S. Stems erect, leafy: petals orange or yellow. 

9. OAULANTHUS, Watson. 
1. C. procerus, Wats. Glabrous, 4 to 7 ft. high, stout, branching: flowers greenish' 

10. THELYPODIUM, Endlicher. 

1. T. brachycarpum, Torr. Stem 1 to 5 ft. high: petals slender, white. S. N. Mts. 

2. T. fLavescens, Watson. Sepals hairy, yellowish: pod 1£ in. long. 

3. T. lasiophyllum, Greene. (Sisymbrium refiexum Nutt.) Leaves pinnatifld; sterna 
1 to 5 ft. high: pods deflexed or erect. 

11. STANLEYA, NuttalL 
L S, pinnatifida, Nutt. Stems several, 1 to 8 ft. high: petals narrow. 

12. ERYSIMUM, Linnams. 
L 25. asperum, DC. Canescent, leafy: petals 8 to 12 lines long. 

13. BRASSICA, Linnaeus. 

1. B. nigra, Boiss. Leaves petioled: pods 4 -angled, 6 to 9 lines long. 

2. B. campestris, L. Upper leaves clasping: pods 2 or 3 in. long; beak long. 

3. B. Sinapistrum, Boiss. Rough-hairy: pods 1 to I J in. long, J beak. 

14. BAKBAREA, Robt. Brown. 
1. B. vulgaris, R. Br. Perennial, 1 to 3 ft. high: racemes dense, yellow. 
Var. arcuata, Koch., has pods and pedicles spreading. Wet ground. 



CRUCIFERiE. 89 

15. SISYMBRIUM, Linnasus. 

Leaves 1-2-pinnate; segments usually pinnatifid: dense racemes: pods acute at both ends, 

3 to 6 lines long, pedicels spreading 1, 2 

Leaves pinnatifid or entire: pods 10 to 18 lines long 3, 4 

Leaves runcinate, 3 to 6 in. long: divaricately branched . .' 5 

1. S. canescens, Nutt. Stems (as in all the species) branching: seeds in 2 rows. 

2. S. incisum, Englem. Somewhat glandular: petals 1J lines long. Montane. 

3. S. junceum, Bieb. Glaucous: petals 3 lines long. Oregon. 

4. S. acutangulum, DC. Hairy: leaves runcinate, 2 to 6 in. long. 
6. S. officinale, Scop. Similar: pod 6 lines long, tapering to a point 

16. NASTURTIUM, Robt. Brown. 

curvisiliqua, Nutt. Leaves pinnatifid: petals but little exsertecL 
obtusum, Nutt. Petals minute: pods 1J to 3 lines long. 
Officinale, R. Br. Aquatic: petals white, 1J to 2 lines long. 

17. VESICARIA, Tournefort. 

montana, Gr. Pods oblong-ovoid, 2J lines long. N. CaL 
Kingii, Wats. Leaves 2 to 6 lines long: pods hairy, ovoid, 
occidentalis. Flowers 4 lines long: pods globose. N. CaL 

18. TROPIDOCARPUM, Hooker. 
L T. gracile, Hook. Leaves pinnatifid: flowers yellow, 3 to 6 lines long. Gal. 

19. SUBULARIA, Linnaeus. 
L S. aquatica, L. Flowers minute: pods 1J lines long. Mono Pass. 

20. STANFORDIA, Watson. 
L S, California*, Wats. Flowers 3 or 4 lines long on hairy pedicels, pnrpla 

21. CAPSELLA, Moench. 

L 0. divaricata, Walp. Very slender, diffuse: pods elliptio oblong. 
2. 0. Brirsa-pastoris, Moench. Pods cuneate-obcordate. Everywhere. 

22. THLASPI, Linnaeus. 

1. T. alpestre, L. Pods obovate to cuneate-oblong, not acute, beaked. 

2. T. Californicuxa, Watson. Pods oblanceolate, acute, 4 or 5 lines long. N. CaL 



1. 


N\ 


2. 


N. 


3. 


N, 


1. 


V. 


2. 


V. 


3. 


V. 



90 



CRUCIFERfi. 



23. UEPIDITJM, Linnams. 



1. 


la. 


2. 


L. 


3. 


L. 


4. 


L. 


5. 


L. 


6, 


L. 


7. 


L. 


8. 


L. 


9, 


L. 


10. 


I*. 



iatipes, Hook. Stout, rigid stem, 1 to 3 in. long; leaves longer: pods long-winged 
dictyotum, Gr. var. acutidens Gr. Stem slender, 1 to 3 in. high, 
oxycarpum, T. & G. Slender: petals none: stamens 2: smooth pods nodding, 
nitidum, Nutt. Petals small: pods shining, acutely margined. 
strictum. Often matted: sepals persistent: pods erect in dense rsoemea 
Menziesii, DC. Hispid or pubescent: petals none: pods glabrous, 
lasiocarpum, Nutt. Hough-pubescent: pods hispid on margin. 
Virginicum, L. Smooth stem erect, at length leafless below, paniculate. 
Draba, L. Perennial: leaves not lobed: petals large: pods cordate. 
campestre, L. Stout: leaves serrate: pods ovate, broadly winged, scabrous, 

24. SENEBIERA, De Candolle. 
L S. didyma, Pers. Racemes opposite pinnatifid leaves. Ill -scented. 

25. HETERODRABA, E. L. Greene. 
L H. urn lateralis, Greene. Branching, nearly prostrate; pedicels reflexed. 

26. ATHYSANTJS, E. L. Greene. 

1. A. pusillus, Greene. Very slender ( Thysanocarpua pusillus, Hookei)» 

27. THYSANOCARPUS, Hooker. 
curvipes, Hook. Leaves clasping: border of pods often perforate, 
laciniatus, Nutt. More slender: leaves scarcely clasping: pods entire. 
radians, Benth. Glabrous: pods with radiating ribs, 4 or 5 lines broad. 

28. RAPHANUS, Linnaeus. 
sativus, L. Petals veiny, color variable: pithy pods 1 to 1J in. long. 
Raphanistrum, L. Similar: pods more constricted between seeds* 



CJLPYARIDACEM. 

1. ISOMERIS, Nuttall, 

L X. arborea, Nutt. Yellow flowers in bracteate racemes: stamens exsertod. 

2. CLEOMEs Linnaeus. 

1, C. platycarpa, Torr. Erect annual: yellow flowers corymbose; pod hanging. 



1. 


T. 


2. 


T. 


3. 


T. 


I. 


R. 


2. 


R. 



VIOLACE^L 91 

CISTACE.E. 

HELIANTHEMUM, Tournefort. 
H. ftcopariuxn, Nutt Woody-based stems, slender: flowers yellow* Cent. & & CaL 

YIOLACE.E. 

VIOLA, Linn as u 8. 
* Leaves all cordate and reniform. 

Sterna erect or prostrate: leaves flat . . *. ....... 6, 10, 11 

Stemless: flowers white or blue . 1, 2 

* * Leaves not all cordate or reniform: not lobed. 

Flowers blue or violet and white . 3, 4 

Flowers yellow 7, 8, 9, 10, 12 

* # * Leaves lobed or divided. Flowers yellow or yellow and purple or blue. 

Stems a few inches to a foot high 6, 12 

Stems short or none 13, 14, 15 

1. V. blanda, Willd. White flowers. Alpine in wet places. 

2. V. cucullata, Ait. Light blue to white petals, 5 to 8 lines long. 

3. V. canina, Linn. var. adunca Gr. Blue flowers, long spurred. 

4. V. cuneata, Watson. Leaves tapering at base: flowers purple and white. 

6. V. ocellata, T. & G. Leaves coarsely crenate: flowers white, purple marked. 

6. V. Hallii, Gr. Gray-green: upper petals purple; lower light yellow. 

7. V. pedunculata, T. & G. Orange-yellow petals brown on the back. 

8. V. presmorsa, Dougl. A variable species heretofore known as P. aurea, KolL 
Leaves ovate or narrower, crenate. 

9. V. Nuttallii, Pursh. Leaves oblong, margins entire. N. CaL, Or. 

10. V. sarmentosa, Dougl. Slender stems prostrate : leaves small. 

11. V. glabella, Nutt. Leaves large, bright green, thin, acute. 

12. V. lobata, Benth. Leaves pedately lobed or some entire. 
Var. integrifolia, Watson. Leaves not lobed: coarsely toothed. 

13. V. dirysantha, Hooker. Leaves bipinnatifid: flowers like No. 7. 

14. V. Beckwithii, T. & G. Flowers purple or blue and yellow. 

15. V. Sheltonii, Torr. Narrower petals yellow, purple veined. 



POLYGALACE-E. 

Side sepals petal oid, larger: petals 3 united with stamens, middle one hooded and 
beaked 1 

Sepals and petals 5 each, unequal: stamens 4: fruit prickly = 2 



92 CARYOPHYLLACEJE. 

1. POLYGALA, Tournefort 

1. P. cucullata, Benth. Flowers rose-color: broad beak obtuse. Cat 

2. P. Californica, Nutt. Flowers greenish, purplish: sepals tomentose. CaL-Ox. 

2. KRAMERIA, Linnams. 
1. K. parvifolia, Benth. Low rigid shrub: upper petals united. San Diego* 

FRANKENIACEJE. 

1. FRANKENIA, Linnams. 
L P. grandifolia, G. & S. Gray-green: calyx-tube furrowed: petals pink. 

caryophyllacej:. 

• Sepals united : petals long-clawed. 

Petals with erect bifid appendages at the base of the blade. 

Styles 2 (1 sp. in No. 3). Styles 3 .... 1 

Styles 5, rarely 3 or 4: alpine • 2 

Petals not appendaged. Styles 2 3 

Styles 3: petals bifid, white Sp. No. 6 of 1 

* * Sepals distinct or nearly so: petals without claws or appendages. 

Stipules none: petals white (or pink in No. 9): rarely wanting. 

Petals bifid: pod cylindrical 4 

Petals bifid or wanting pod globular to oblong 5 

Petals entire or wanting: styles opposite sepals 6 

Styles not opposite sepals 7 

Stipules scarious: pedicel long, reflexed in fruit: leaves not rigid, fascicled, rather 

fleshy, filiform to linear: petals entire 8 

Styles 3, rarely 5 (petals wanting in 3d species) 9 

Stipules scarious: pedicels bracteate or none: stamens 3 to 5: style 3-cleft, or sessile 
stigmas 3: petals minute or wanting. 

Leaves not rigid: capsule globose 10 

Leaves and sepals rigid: capsule 3-sided 11 

1. SELENE, Linnaeus. 

• Blade of the petals entire or only emarginate.. 

Hairy s pinkish flowers in a 1-sided leafy spike *.^. •*•*•-.•♦* ... 4 

Glabrous: glutinous rings on the stem: pedicels long .... 5 

Viscid -pubescent; leafy: pedicels short: petals with 4 appendages 21 

* * Blade of the petals bifid or 2-lobed. 



CARYOPHYLLACKJR. 93 

«, Segments or lobes of the petals entire. 

Blade shortly 2-lobed: appendages entire: calyx ovoid or campanula te. 

Flowers several, slender pedicelled, brownish purple •<•*_•• • • 9 

Flowers solitary, long peduncled 3 

Flowers small, white: no appendages •••••• 6 

Blade cleft to about the middle or deeper, rose color (except 18). 

Appendages notcned: claw filaments and stipe woolly ,...« — . .~~. ► . . . 17 

Appendages toothed: claw very narrowly auricled, smooth 16 

Appendages entire: claw not auricled, smooth: blade rose purple, It 

Appendages very small: petal lobes very narrow, white 18 

Appendages narrow: claw broadly auricled: petal-lobes broad 19 

b. Segments lobed, toothed or notched. 

Lobes notched: short appendages toothed: claw not auricled .♦..,, ....^.~~.. 16 

Lobes with a tooth on the outside: claw broad, auricled. • 22 

Lobes broad: appendages notched: claw auricled 20 

Lobes slender, bifid: narrow claws with projecting auricles 14 

* * * Blade of petals faS-parted. 

Flowers white or pinkish: lobes of the petals mostly filiform. 

Calyx open campanulate, nodding: filaments exserted, hairy ,. 1 

Calyx ovoid-cylindrical, deflexed in fruit: claws hairy 10 

Calyx oblong, erect, much surpassed by the rotate petals 7 

Calyx cylindrical, little surpassed by the equally 4-clef t petals 12 

Calyx little exceeded by narrow half -inch petals: filaments exserted 13 

Flowers scarlet or deep purple, large. 

Appendages oblong-lanceolate: claw ciliate: capsule ovoid 8 

Appendages ovate: claw smooth: capsule oblong 9 

Appendages linear, half as long as the purple blade: claw slightly hairy. . . ^.. 11 

1. S. campanulata, Watson. Filiform-disected petals reflexed. 

2. S. Lyalli, Watson. Stems slender, glabrous: anthers included. 

3. S. monantha, Watson. Stems weak, elongated. Columbia River. 

4. S. Gallica, Linn. Bough-hairy: small flowers nearly sessile: annual. 

5. S. antirrhina, Linn. Glabrous, slender: petals equaling the calyx: annual, 

6. S. Menziesii, Hooker. Numerous weak stems: flowers small, white. 

7. S. Hookeri, Nutt. White-tomentose, leafy: erect flowers over an inch broad. 

8. S. Calif orniea, Durand. Glandular-pubescent: 6 inches to several feet high. 

9. S. laciniata, Cav. Narrower leaves: petals 4-clef t; segments entire. CaL 

10 . S. Lemmoni, Watson. Stems many, decumbent, branched : petals white or pinkish. 

11. S. occidentalism Watson. Stems erect: petals 4-clef t: stipe 3 lines long. 

12. S. montana, Watson. Auricles and appendages of petals lacerate. 

11. S. Palmeri, Watson. Stamens and style much exserted: filaments hairy. 



94 CARYOPHYLLACEJS. 

14. S. Oregana, Watson. Petals 2-parted, the segments filiform: ovary long-gtiped, 

15. S. pectinata, Watson. Viscid: calyx deeply cleft: petals deep purple. 

16. S. incompta, Gray. Viscid, tall: lobes of the petals often toothed. 

17. S. verecunda, Watson. Stems clustered, simple: capsule exserted. 

18. S. Bridgesii, Rohrb. White petals very narrow: styles long. 

19. S. Douglasii, Hooker. Similar to No. 17: ovary about equaling calyx. 

20. S. Scouleri, Hooker. Stout: leaves distant: ovoid capsule, long-stiped. Or. 

21. S. Spaldingii, Watson. Viscid, leafy: capsule oblong, short-stiped. Or. 

22. S, Grayii, Watson. Cespitose, grayish: petals and appendages broad. Alpine. 

2. LYCHNIS, Tournefort. 
1. L. Californica, Watson. Petals bifid, lobes on the Bides. Alpine. S. N. Mta* 

3. SAPONAB1A, Linnaeus. 

1. S. Vaccaria, L. Glaucous: calyx 5 -angled: entire petals not appendaged. Nat. 

2. 8. officinalis, L. Calyx not angular: petals emarginate, crowned. Nat. 

4. CERASTIUM, Linnaeus. 

1. 0. nutans, Raf. Viscid, annual: capsule curved, long exserted. San Diego. 

2. C. arvense, L. Downy, cespitose: capsule nearly straight, short. 

3. C. viscosum, L. Viscid, annual: leaves broad: capsule straight, long. 

4. C. vulgatum, L. Leaves narrower: pedicels longer: capsule broader. 

5. C. pilosum, Ledeb. Flowers £ in. or more broad: capsule-teeth coiled. Coast 

5. STELLARIA, Linnaeus. 
Bracts small and scarious or none: leaves acute. 

Smooth and shining or glaucous: pedicels erect 1, 2 

Glabrous: flowers in umbel-like cyme, long-pediceled. 3 

Bracts foliaceous: pedicels spreading or defiexed. 

Glabrous: petals 2-parted, included or wanting 4 

Pubescent, rather stout, 1 or 2 ft. high: petals exceeding calyx. 5, 6 

Pubescent, spreading: leaves ovate, petioled: petals included. .. ••• 7 

1. S. nitens, Nutt. Annual: flowers erect; pedicels short: sepals 3-nerved. 

2. S. longipes, Goldie. Often glaucous: leaves stiff: pedicels long. 

3. S. umbellata, Turcz. Sepals 1 -nerved: petals none: capsule exserted. 

4. S. borealis, Bigelow. Stems weak: pedicels 5-7 lines long: capsule ovoid. 

6. S. Jaxnesii, Torr. Viscid: leaves acuminate, long: petals 4-6 lines long. 

6. S. littoralis, Torr. Leaves ovate, rounded at base: styles rarely 4. 

7. S. media, Linn. Weak: a hairy line on the stem: petals included, 2 parted. 



CARYOPHYLLACE.fi. 95 

6. A REN ARIA, Linnaeus. 

* The 3 valves of the capsule £ -cleft or parted: cespitose perennials with linear- subulate haves 

and mostly scarious bracts. 

Petals exceeding the sepals; the capsule about equaling them. 1, 3 

Petals about equaling the sepals : leaves pungent •«..« 3, 4, 5 

* * The 3 valves entire: annuals: bracts leaf -like* 

Much branched: leaves filiform, 3-12 lines long 6, 8 

Smooth: leaves lanceolate, obtuse, 1 or 2 lines long 9, 10 

Leaves linear to lanceolate 6*12 lines long 7, 11 

• • • Parts of the flower sometimes in Jfs: capsular valves bifid: leaves bright green, 1 or & 

inches long 12, 13 

1. A. congests, Nutt. Glaucous: flowers in dense fascicles: bracts broad. 

2. A. capillaris, Poir. Pubescent: flowers few: bracts small, lanceolate. 

3. A, pungens, Nutt. Stems 2 or 3 inches high, leafy, pubescent. Subalpine. 

4. A, Franklinii, Dougl. Stouter: sepals shining, margin scarious. Or. 
6. A. verna, Linn. Leaves erect, 2-3 lines long: sepals exceeding petals. 

6. A. Douglasii, T. & G. Capsule globose: seeds flat, smooth. 

7. A. Howellii, Watson. Glandular-hispid, a foot high. Or. 

8. A, tenella, Nutt. Capsule oblong: seeds rough: sepals 3-nerved. Or. N. 

9. A. Calif ornica, Brewer. Sepals 3-nerved: Seeds rough. Cent. Cal. 

10. A. pusilla, Watson. Sepals 1 -nerved: petals minute or none: seeds smooth. 

11. A. palustris, Watson. Stems simple: leaves flaccid: few pedicels long. 

12. A. macrophylla, Hooker. Leaves acute, 3 or 4 pairs: petals obtuse. 

13. A. lateriflora, Linn. Leaves broader, obtuse: petals exserted. Or. 

7. SAGINA, Linnaeus. 

1. 8. occidentalis, Watson. Slender: 2-6 inches high: pedicels straight. 

2. S, Linnaei, Presl. Densely matted: 1-2 in. high: fruiting pedicels curved. 

3. S. crassicaulis, Watson. Stout, branched: leaves fleshy, scarious at base. 

8. SPEBGULA, Linnens. 
1. 8* arvensis, L. Leaves filiform, smooth: sepals and petals equal. 

9. LEPIGONTTM, Fries. 

1. Ij. macro the cam, F. & M. Pubescent: sepals and petals 3 lines long or mom 

2. L. medium, Fries. More slender: flowers smaller, white. 

3. L. gracile, Watson. Annual, smooth, slender:* sepals £-1 line long. 

10. POLYCARPON, Linnams. 
L P. depressum. Nutt An inch high: petals included, entire. 



gg PORTULACACE<a&. 

11. LCEFLINGIA, LinnjBus. 
1. Lu squarrosa, Nutt. Glandular-pubescent: 2-6 inches high. 



ILLE€EBRACEiE. 

PENTAC-2ENA, Bartling. 
P. ramoaiasima, H. & A, Prostrate: subulate pungent gray-green loaves crowded] 
stipules silvery: sessile flowers clustered: sepals 5, hooded, ending in a spine. 



PORTULACACE.E. 

# Sepals 8, united below and adherent to the partly inferior ovary. 

Flowers yellow or rose-red: capsule opening by a lid. ..*.♦♦ •«••«• 1 

* * Sepals 5, persistent, not adherent to the superior ovary. 
Style 3-cleft (rarely 2-cleft in Calandrinia): sepals green. 

Stamens more than 6: petals 5 or more ..*. 2 

Stamens 5 (3 in No. 8): petals 5 3 

Stamens 3: petals 5, unequal, coherent: leaves or leaf and bract opposite 4 

Style 2-cleft: sepals membranous rounded-cordate exceeding the 2 or 4 petals 5 

Sepals 4 to 8, distinct, unequal, persistent «... 6 



• * 



1. PORTULACA, Tournefort. 

1. P. oleracea, L. Leaves obovate to spatulate: petals yellow, 1 to 2 lines. Nat. 

2. P. pilosa, L. Leaves linear: nearly terete: petals red, 2 or 3 lines long. 

2. CALANDRINIA, HBK. 

Leafy stems, annual: flowers in racemes: petals 3 to 5, rose-recL. „•*.»• 1* 2 

Leaves mostly all radical: perennial: sepals orbicular. 

Leaves linear, all radical: short scape 2-bracteate. Alpine 3, 4 

Leaves oblanceolate to obovate, all radical (except No. 5) 5, 6, 7 

1. C. Menziesii. Hooker. Sepals keeled, acute: capsule ovoid, acute. 

2. C. Breweri, Watson. Capsule longer, conical, obtuse on deflexed pedicels. 

3. C. pygmaBa, Gray. Bracts scarious: sepals dentate: petals red. 

4. C. Nevadensis, Gr. Larger: bracts green: sepals entire: petals white. 

5. C. oppositifolia, Watson. Stem with 2 or 3 pairs of opposite leaves: petals white* 

6. C. cotyledon, Wat. Scape with lanceolate ciliate bracts: petals rose-red. 

7. C. Leana, Porter. Similar: petals 6 to 8. N. Cal. Or. 



PORTULACACE^C. 



97 



8. CLAYTONIA, Linnaeus. 

a. Annuals with fibrous roots, rarely with bulblets. 

Stems simple, bearing a single pair of united or distinct leaves. 

Leaves united into a cup enclosing the raceme ~ 1 

Leaves united at the base on one or both sides. 2, 8 

Leaves distinct (No. 4 with bulblets at base) 2, 8, 4, 5, 11, 13 

Stems usually branching, leafy. 

Leaves opposite stems often rooting at joints and bulbiferouB. 6 

Leaves alternate 7, 8, 9, 10 

b. Perennials, with deep-seated tubers, stem leaves, a pair or a whorl. . 11, 12, 13 

1. 0. perfoliata, Donn. From 1 to 12 inches high: radical leaves broad. 
Var. parviflora, Torr. Radical leaves all linear or spatulate. 

2. C. spath.ul a ta, Dougl. Very slender: leaves distinct or united on one side. 

3. C. exigua, T. &. G. Glaucous: leaves nearly filiform; the pair broader, united 
at base. 

4. 0. bulb if era, Gr. Stems lax: long pedicels with conspicuous bracts. 

6. 0. cordifolia, Watson. Pair of leaves ovate, acute; radical, cordate: no bracts. 

6. C. Chamissonis, Each. Leaves oblanceolate: petals white. 

7. 0. parviflora, Mocino. Very slender: leaves broadly spatulate, small. 

8. 0. dichotoma, Nutt. Small: leaves linear: petals unequal: stamens 3. 

0. 0. linearis, Dougl. Leaves slender, clasping: sepals broad, often colored: potals 
white. 

10. 0. diffusa, Nutt. Leaves ovate or deltoid, petioled: racemes often axillary. 

11. 0. Caroliniana, Michx., var. sessilifolia, Torr. Usually one radical leaf j the 
pair lanceolate to linear: a single scarious bract. 

12. 0. triphylla, Watson. Leaves slender: raceme compound, bracts scarious. 

13. 0. Nevadeusis, Watson. Leaves ovate to orbicular: petals 3-5 lines long, clawed. 

4. MONTIA, Linnams. 

1. M. fontana, L. Stems weak, often matted: flowers minute: capsule globose. 

2. M. Howellii, Watson. Leaves opposite the scarious triangular bracts of racemes. 



5. CALYPTREDITTM, Nuttall. 

1. O. umbellatum, Greene, Umbel capitate: petals 4: stamens 3: style exserted. 
This plant is Spraguea umbeUata, Torr. 

2. 0. quadripetalum, Watson. Petals 4: stamen 1: stigmas nearly sessile. 

3. 0. roseum, Watson. Petals 2, much shorter than the unequal sepals. 

4. monandrum. Nutt Petals 2, equalling the sepals, a line long or less. 



ELATIXACEJE. 



6. LEWISIA, Pursh. 

1. L. rediviva, Pursh. Scapes with a whorl of scarious bracts. 

2. L. brachycalyx, Engelm. Scapes 2-bracted at base: sepals 4. 



ELATINACEJE. 

Small prostrate aquatics with entire leaves: parts of the flower each 2 to 4 (except in 

sp. No* 3). Sepals obtuse: membranaceous 1 

Erect, glandular-pubescent: parts of the flower in 5's...., „».> 9 

ELATINE, Linnaeus, 

1. E. Americana, Arnott. Seeds pitted in 9 to 10 lines, & line long. 

2. E. brachy sperma, Gray. Seeds pitted in 6 or 7 lines, shorter. 

3. E. Calif ornica. Flowers not sessile: seeds much curved: stamens 8 to & 

BERGIA, Linnaeus. 
1. & Texana, Seubert. Leaves serrulate: flowers fascicled. 



HYPERICACEJS. 

HYPERICUM, Linnaeus. 

Stamens very numerous: styles 3, long. 1, 9 

Stamens 15 to 20: styles 3, short: petals included 8 

1. H. formosum, HBK. var. Scouleri, Coulter. Flowers 6 lines broad. Wet ground. 

2. H. concinnum, Benth. Leaves acute: flowers an inch broad. Dry ground. 

3. H. anagalloides, C. & S. Leaves 2-6 lines long: flowers 3-4 lines broad. Wet 
ground. 

malvacej:. 

Column of stamens bearing anthers at the topt carpels in a ring around the axis. 

Calyx-bracts 2 or 3, united below: an evergreen ever-blooming shrub -. 1 

Calyx-bracts 3, distinct: flowers axillary, pinkish: leaves 5-7-lobed 2 

Calyx-bracts none: flowers racemose or spicate 8 

Calyx-bracts 1 to 3 or none: densely tomentose (except in sp. 6 & 7) . . . . 4 

Calyx-bracts 1 or 2, slender: leaves 1-sided: flowers yellowish 5 

Column of stamens naked at top, 5-toothed: carpels forming a many-seeded capsule. 
Calyx-bracts many 6 



MALVACEiE. 99 

1. LAVATERA, Linnaeus. 
L. asaurgentiflora, Kellogg. Showy flowers in axillary cluster*. 

2. MALVA, Linn. 
ML rotundifolia and M. borealis are introduced weeds. 

3. SIDALCEA, Gray. 

* Perennials with usually clustered stems decumbent at baee* 

Raceme loose: no stellate hairs : rose-purple petals an inch long •••••••• 1 

Raceme spicate: simple and stellate hairs: petals notched, pinkish, 6 lines long 9 

Like No. 2, but the larger flowers deep lilac-purple 8 

Stems branching: calyx globose in fruit: carpels smooth, straight 4 

Nearly glabrous, glaucous, pale, decumbent: petals obtuse or truncate 5 

Stellate pubescence short: large leaves dark green, slightly 5-lobed. 6 

* * Annuals with erect branching stems. 

Carpels strongly incurved and sharply rugose on back 7 

Carpels not incurved or rugose, conspicuously hairy-beaked • 8 

Carpels several — nerved along the back: calyx-lobes abruptly acuminate 9 

Pedicels subtended by 5-7 -parted hispid bracts: calyx-lobes slender 10 

Large, with cordate, 3-7-angled leaves: white flowers in close clusters: 11 

1. S. malvroflora, Gr. (S. humilis, Gr. of CaL Bot., etc.) Common coast species. 

2. S. spicata, Greene. Carpels small, hairy, not reticulaled. Sierra Nevada. 

3. S. campestris, Greene. Stems bristly with deflexed hairs: calyx stellate-hairy. 

4. S. Oregana, Gr. Glabrous below, 1 to 5 ft. high: corolla 6 lines long or more. 

5. S. glaucesens, Greene. Calyx lobes very slender. High Sierras. 

6. S. asprella, Greene. Decumbent, leaves shaped alike. Foot Hills, Sierras. 

7. S. Hartwegi, Gr. Glabrous except the hispid calyx and pedicels. Sac. VaL 

8. S. hirsuta, Gr. Stout and tall, branching: flower-clusters dense. Chico, Cal. 

9. S. calycosa, Jones. Corolla small, light purple: calyx long-ciliate. Cent. CaL 

10. S. diploscypha, Gr. Hirsute: flowers large, umbellate clustered. Cent. CaL 
Var. minor, Gr. Flowers racemose: petals with a spot at base. Cent. CaL 

11. 8. malachroides, Gr. Petals obcordate: carpels smooth. Redwoods, CaL Coast. 

4. MALVASTBUM, Gray. 

Perennial, often shrubby: stems hoary or gray with soft pubescence. . ^ 1 to 5 

Perennial: densely stellate-hairy or hispid: dense-flowered 6 

Annual erect with spreading hairs: leaves reniform, long petioled. 7 

Annual, decumbent: small leaves 5-lobed: flowers mostly solitary 8 

\, 2£. Thurberi, Gr. Shrubby, branches slender: spikes naked: flowers small 



jQQ LIN ACE JE 

2. M. Fremonti, Torr. Similar: calyx globose in fruit, very woolly. 

3. M. splendidum, Kellogg. Tall shrub: flowers in large panicles, rose-red. S. CaL 

4. M. marrubioides, D. & H. Low: leaves serrate, thick: calyx-lobes slender. C.CaL 

5. M. Palmeri, Watson. Densely stellate-pubescent: large flowers yellowish. 

6. M. densiflorum, Watson. Hispid bracts very long: calyx-lobes long attenuate. 

7. M. rotundi folium, Gr. Low: petals 6 lines long, a red spot at the base. 3. CaL 

8. M. exile, Gr. Pedicels slender: petals obovate, 2 to 5 lines long. S. CaL 

5. STDA, Linnaeus. 
1. S. hederacea, Torr. Decumbent: leaves 1 -sided: petals yellowish. 

6. HIBISCUS, Linnaeus. 
1, Calif ornicus, Kellogg. Flowers axillary, white with purple, large. 



STERCTJLIACEiE. 

FBJEMONTIA, Torrey. 
1. 7. Calif arnica, Tom Tall shrub: flowers yellow, axillary, apetaloua. fiLN.Mta. 



LINACEJE. 

LINUM, Linnaeus, 

Styles 2: flowers yellow: leaves opposite, glabrous, oblong ..*... 1 

Styles 3: flower yellow: leaves alternate 8, 8 

Styles 3: flowers white to rose-color: leaves alternate (or whorled in 7). 

Petals with 3-parted or 3-lobed appendage at base.. 5, 6, 7 

Petals 2- toothed at base, scarcely longer than the sepals 3 

Styles 5: flowers large, blue: leaves alternate - 9, 10 

1. L. digrynum, Gr. Sepals denticulate, a line long. Near Yosemite Valley. N. CaL 

2. L. Breweri, Gr. Glaucous: leaves small, very slender, basal glands large. 

3. L. adenophyllum, Gr. Leaves margined with stipitate glands. Cent. CaL 

4. L. Calif ornicum, Benth. Glaucous: petals 4 lines long: capsule acute. 

5. L. congestum, Gr. Calyx pubescent: flowers in close clusters. S. P. Bay. 

6. L. spergulinum, Gr. No stipular glands: petals 2-3 lines long. S. F. Bay. 

7. Ii. drymarioides, Curran. Pubescent: leaves ovate, margins glandular. C CaL 
6. L. micranthum, Gr. Flowers minute: capsule exserted. Mts. CaL 

9. L. perenne, Linn. Perennial, glaucous: flowers large, blue. 

10. Ii. usatissimum, L. Similar but annual. The common cultivated flax. 



GERAMACE*. 101 

GERANIACEJE. 

Carpels 6, 1 -seeded, separating with styles when ripe from the long axis. 

Fertile stamens 10: tails of carpels coiled, not bearded »•**« 1 

Fertile stamens 5: tails of carpels twisted, bearded. - 2 

Carpels 5, 1 -seeded, fleshy, globular; stamens 10 3 

Carpels united into a 5-celled ovary: capsule 5-sided. 4 

1. GERANIUM, Linnams. 

1. G. Caroliniairam, L, Petals 2 or 3 lines long. A common weed. 

2. Q. incisum, Nutt, Flowers deep rose -purple, an inch broad. 

2. ERODITJM, L'Heritier. 

L E. cicTitarium, I/H. Pinnate leaves: leaflets pinnatifid. (" Filaree.'*) 

2. E. moschatum, L'H. Leaflets doubly toothed: musky. 

3. E. Botrys, Bertoloni. Leaves oblong, pinnatifidly lobed. Cent. CaL 

4. E. macrophyllum, H, & A. Leaves palmately lobed. Cent. & S. CaL 

3. LIMNANTHES, Robt. Brown. 

L I*. Donglasii, R. Br. Glabrous: petals yellow, white tipped. CaL 

2. L. rosea, Hartweg. Glabrous: petals purple tinged, obovate. Sac VaL 

3. L. alba, Hartweg. Pubescent: petals white or nearly so. CaL 

4. OXATJS, Linnaeus. 

1. O. Oregana, Nutt. Flowers pinkish. In coast forests. 

2. O. trilliifolia, Hook. In Oregon (?). 

3. O. eorniculata, L. Slender branching stems: flowers yellow. 



RUTACE.E. 

A tall shrub or tree: leaves 3-folioiate: flowers in terminal clusters. .................. 1 

A low shrub: leaves simple, opposite: flowers axillary ~ ..<*.•. 9 

1. FTELEA, Linnaeus. 
L P. augustifolia, Benth. Fruit broadly winged, orbicular. Cent. CaL 

2. CNEORIDIUM, Hook. f. 
L O. dtunosum, H. f. Leaves often fascicled: fruit drupe-like. San Diego. 



102 CKLASTEACEA 

CELASTRACEJE. 

A slender deciduous shrub with 4-angled branches: leaves 2-4 inches long • . 1 

A low much-branched evergreen: leaves 6-18 lines long, numerous 2 

1. EUONYMUS, Tournefort. 
1. E. OCCidentalis, Tourn. Flowers dark brown, parts in 5*8, rotate, drooping, 

2. PACHYSTIMA, Kafinesque. 
1. P. Mersinites, Baf. Flowers greenish, parts in 4's, about a line broad. 

RHAMNACEJ3. 

Flowers greenish. Leaves alternate : flexuose branches spiny 1 

Leaves alternate: not spiny: fruit juicy 2 

Leaves opposite, 1 or 2 lines long: fruit dry 3 

Flowers white or blue, in dense clusters: fruit dry *••.... 4 

1. ZIZYPHT7S, Jussieu. 
1. Z. Parryi, Torr. Peduncles axillary, recurved in fruit, 1'3-flowered. 

2. RHAMNTJS, Linnaeus. 

Flowers apetalous and mostly dioecious: seeds concave 1, 2 

Flowers with minute petals, mostly perfect: seeds convex on the back 3, 4 

1. R. alnifolia, L'Her. Low: deciduous leaves acute at each end, serrate. 

2. R. crocea, Nutt. Leaves acutely denticulate, evergreen, thin. 

3. R. Californica, Esch. Leaves elliptical to ovate-oblong, evergreen, thick. 
Var. tomentella, Gr. Densely white-tomentose. Both forms common in CaL 

4. R. Purshiana, DC. Elliptical leaves 2 to 7 inches long, deciduous. 

3. ADOIiPHIA, Meisner. 

L A. Californica, Watson. In dense clumps 2 or 3 ft. high, branchlefcs spiny* 

4. CEANOTHT7S, Linnaeus. 
§ 1. Leaves all alternate: fruit not crested. 
Leaves 3-nerved from the base. 

Branches not rigid or spiny: leaves glandular serrate (except No. IV 

Flowers white in large clusters ••••• 1, 2, 8 

Flowers blue 4, 6 t 6 



CELASTRACEA 103 

Branches rigid, spreading, often spinose: racemes simple. 

Leaves glandular-serrate: flowers blue ', 7, 8 

Leaves usually entire: branches grayish 9, 10, 11 

Leaves pinnately veined, obtuse: flowers blue (see No. 5) 12, 13, 14, 15 

§ 2. Leaves small, often opposite, very thick with numerous straight side veins, 
spinosely toothed or entire: stipules mostly large and warty: flowers in sessile or shortly 
peduncled axillary clusters: fruit with 3 projections: branches rigid 16 to 20 

1. C. integerrixnus, H. & A. Slender branches round: leaves thin. 

2. C. velutinus, Dougl. Stout: leaves thick, resinous above. 

3. C. sanguineus, Pursh. Branches reddish: leaves thin; petioles slender. 

4. C. thyrsiflorus, Esch. Branches angled: leaves shining above, ashy beneath. 

5. C. dentatUc, T. & G. Leaves mostly 3-4 lines long, thin: thyrse globose. 

6. C. decumbens, Watson. Trailing, hirsute: leaves thin, teeth green-glandular. 

7. C. hirsutus, Nutt. Silky, rarely spiny: leaves rounded or cordate at base, acute. 

8. C. sorediatus, H. <fe A. Leaves smooth above: racemes pubescent, peduncles short. 

9. C. divaricatus, Nutt. Branches sometimes green: racemes 1-4 inches long. 

10. C. incanus, T. <fe G. Leaves hoary beneath: racemes short: fruit warty. 

11. C. cordulatus, Kell. Pubescent, low, flat-topped: racemes an inch long or less, 

12. C. spinosus, Nutt. Often a tree: leaves entire, oblong, thick; petioles slender. 

13. C papillosus, T. &. G. Leaves narrow, dark green, shining and pimply above. 

14. C. floribundus, Hooker. Leaves 3-4 lines long, acute, undulate, denticulate. 

15. C Veitchianus, Hooker. Glabrous, leaves thick, obovate-cuneate. Rare. 

16. C. crassifolius, Torr. Branches hoary: leaves tomentose beneath. Cal. Coast. 

17. C. cuneatus, Nutt. Bark ashy gray: leaves cuneate-obovate, entire. Common. 

18. C. macrocarpus, Nutt. Tree-like, 8 to 12 ft. high: fruit very large. St. Barbara, 

19. 0. rigidus, Nutt. Branchlets tomentose: leaves 2 to 5 lines long: flowers blue. 

20. C. prostratus, Benth. Prostrate: leaves spinose at apex only: flowers blue. 



TITACEiE. 

VTTIS, Tournefort. 
1. V. Californica, Benth. Leaves round-cordate, serrate. (Wild Grape.) 



SAPINDACEJ1. 

Flowers in large terminal erect thyrses: calyx tubular: clawed petals unequal «•*• 1 

Flowers small, the fertile ones in drooping clusters: ovary 2-lobed: fruit 2- winged. 

Leaves palmately lobed. & 



104 SAPINDACEJL 

Leaves pinnately 3-f oliolate „ . 3 

Flowers in drooping racemes: stamens 5, much exserted: leaves 3-f oliolate, serrulate.. . 4 

1. iESCULUS, Linnaeus. 
L iE. Californicus, Nutt. Leaves palmately 4-7 -f oliolate, (Buckeye.) 

2. ACER, Tournefort. 

1. A* macrophyllum, Pursh. Yellowish flowers in dense racemes: fruit hairy. 

2. A. circinatum, Pursh. Corymbs 10-20 flowered: sepals red or purplish. 

3. A. glabra m, Torr. Sepals and petals greenish yellow: filaments naked. 

3. NEGUNDO, Mcench. 
L N. Calif ornicum, T. & G. Calyx minute: petals none, dioecious. (Box -Elder.) 

4. STAPHYU3A, Linnaeus. 
2. S. Bolanderi, Gr. Leaflets broad, stipellate: fruit bladdery. Shasta. 



ANACARDIACEJS. 

RHUS, Linnaeus. 

Slender deciduous shrubs: leaves 3-f oliolate: fruit compressed globose. 

Flowers in dense axillary panicles: fruit smooth, dry, whitish ^ 1 

Flowers in short scaly-bracted spikes: fruit hairy, gummy, scarlet. ».. 2 

Stout, diffuse evergreen shrubs: leaves simple, coriaceous: fruit ovoid. 

Flowers rose-color: leaves ovate on short petioles 3 

Flowers yellowish: leaves lanceolate on slender petioles 4 

1. R. diversiloba, T, & Gr. Stems erect or climbing by rootlets (Poison Oak). 

2. R. aromatica, Ait. var. trilobata, Gr. Diffusely slender-branched. 

3. R. integrifolia, B. & H Leaves entire or spinosely-toothed: fruit red, frosty. 

4. R. laurina, Nutt. Leaves glaucous, entire: panicles 2-4 inches long. 



LEGUMINOSiE 

§ 1. Stamens distinct: shrubs (except No. 1). 

Leaves palmately 3-f oliolate: yellow flowers in terminal close racemes. 1 

Stiff, much branched, evergreen: flowers red-purple, solitary, axillary 2 

Leaves pinnate: flowers purple in dense axillary spikes: petal 1 9 



LEGUMINOSiE. 105 

Leaves simple, entire, cordate: flowers rose-purple in axillary clusters ^. . . 14 

§ 2. Stamens all united or one above distinct: herbs (except some in 3 & 7). 

* Leaves palmate with more than 3 leaflets: flowers in heads or racemes. 
Leaflets entire. Spikes or racemes terminal: anthers of 2 kinds 3 

Yellow flowers 1 to 5 with a bract Sp. No. 10 in 7 

Purplish flowers: stipules not adnate, deciduous 8 

Leaflets toothed or entire: stipules adnate: anthers alike § 1 in 4 

* * Leaves S-foliolate, palmate or pinnate. 

Leaves palmate: flowers in heads or short spikes: corolla persistent . . . . , 4 

Leaves pinnate: flowers in axillary spikes or racemes. 

Corolla yellow or white: pod wrinkled: leaves fragrant 6 

Corolla purple or greenish: leaflets entire: stipules free 8 

Corolla yellow or purple: leaflets toothed : pod curved or coiled 6 

Leaves pinnate. Flowers in small axillary clusters, yellow: pod spiral, prickly 6 

Flowers solitary or in wheel-like clusters, axillary 7 

* * * Leaves pinnately J^-many-foliolate with a terminal leaflet. 

Flowers solitary or in umbellate whorls, axillary 7 

Flowers in axillary spikes: pod prickly: leaves sticky 10 

Flowers in axillary spikes or heads: pod often inflated, often 2-celled 11 

* * * * Leaves pinnate, ending in a bristle, imperfect leaflet or a tendril. 

Style filiform, hairy around the apex . 12 

Style flattened, usually twisted half around, one side hairy 13 

1. THERMOPSIS, Robt. Brown, 

1. T. Calif Grnica, Watson. Short-woolly: pod 6-8-ovuled, stipe short. 

2. T. montana, Nutt. Rather silky: leaflets smooth above: pod 10-12- seeded 

3. T. macrophylla, H. & A. Villous: leaves oblong-elliptical acute: seeds 4 or 5, 

2. PICKEBXNGIA, Nuttall. 
1. P. montana, Nutt Leaves l-3-foliolate f numerous: stamens persistent. 

3. LUPINT7S, Linnaus. 

A. Perennials, more or less shrubby, leafy, silky: ovules 6 to IS 1, 2, 3, 4 

B. Perennial herbs, mostly tall; flowers large; bracts deciduous: ovules 6 or more. 

Woody at base: silky: calyx-lips nearly equal 1, 2, 3 

Stems mostly stout and hollow: leaflets glabrous above. . . 5, 6 

Stems slender, not erect: leaflets an inch long or less 7 

Stems leafy and branching: petioles and bracts short 8, 9, 10 

C. Perennial herbs: flowers small: (Ex. No. 13): not yellow: ovules 3 to 6. 

Leaves distant, not glabrous above; lower petioles long: keel ciliate 11 to 10 



106 LEGUMINOSiE. 

Leafy: petioles and peduncles mostly short: bracts deciduous: ovules 3 to 5. . 17, 18, 19 

D. Dwarf alpine perennials, mostly tufted: lower calyx-lip S-toothed: keel ciliate: pod 
hairy, 3-4- seeded 20 to 23 

E. Annuals: leaflets mostly 6 to 7 (8 to 10 in No. 29): bracts falling with or before the 
petals: upper calyx-lip 2-parted or bifid: pod 4-8-seeded. 

Bracts deciduous: flowers in whorls, 5 or 6 lines long 24, 25 

2 or 3 lines long 26 to 28 

Bracts deciduous or persistent for a while: flowers scattered 29 to 85 

F. Annuals: leaflets cuneate-oblong or obovate: bracts conspicuous, persistent in fruit: ovule$ 
and seeds 2 36 to 38 

1. Ii. arboreus, Sims. A shrub: flowers yellow, rarely purplish, fragrant. Cal. 

2. It* Chamissonis, Esch. A low shrub: flowers blue, rarely violet, pink or white. 

3. L. Douglasii, Agardh. Woody at base: much like forms of the last. Cal. 

4. L. Ludovicianus, Greene. Shrubby: very villous: flowers purple: pod 5-seeded, 

5. L. polyphyllus, Lindl. Leaflets numerous, large: raceme purple, long. 

6. L. rivularis, Dougl. Stipules very slender: leaflets 7 to 10: petioles short. 

7. L. littoralis, Dougl. Leaflets 6 to 12 lines long: racemes short: ovules 10 to 12. 

8. L. Sabinii, Dougl. Stipules long, setaceous: flowers bright yellow. Blue Mts. 

9. L. albicaulis, Dougl. Reflexed margin of the acute standard coherent at apex. 

10. L. ornatus, Dougl. Standard silky: keel ciliate: stipules setaceous: seeds white. 

11. L. sericeus, Pursh. Bracts long: calyx densely silky, gibbous: pod densely hairy. 

12. Ij. leucophyllus, Dougl. Densely silky: dense racemes sessile: standard hairy 
13„ L. Grayi, Watson. A span high: very hoary-tomentose: racemes short, loose. 

14. L. lepidus, Dougl. Low, slender, silky: peduncle and raceme long: petals violei, 

15. Xi. confertus, Kell. Similar but bracts persistent: corolla blue to rose. 

16. Ij. onustus, Watson. Decumbent woody base: flowers deep blue, scattered. 

17. I*, parviflorus, Nutt. Stems slender, 2 or 3 ft. high, strict, glabrous above. 
18 L. Andersoni, Watson. Appressed-pubescent, much branched: racemes short, 

19. L. laxiflorus, Dougl. Silky: raceme slender: calyx saccate or spurred. 

20. Ij. aridus, Dougl. Raceme dense, 2 or 3 inches long: peduncle short: petals purple. 

21. L. minimus, Dougl. Similar, more silky: peduncles longer: standard broader. 

22. L. Breweri, Gr. Stems from spreading woody base: densely silky: leaflets obovate. 

23. Ij. Lyallii, Gr. Similar: petioles longer: standard narrower: petals violet. Or. 

24. L. amnis, Agardh. A foot high: leaflets broadly obovate: bracts short. Cal. 

25. Ij. nanus, Dougl. Slender: bracts long: petals broad, purple and white. Cal. 

26. Ij. micranthus, Dougl. Slender, branched, decumbent, villous: racemes short. 

27. Ij. trifidus, Torr. Similar: lower calyx -lip 3-cleft: pod 5-6-seeded. SanF'coBay. 

28. Ij, citrinus, Kell. Similar: calyx-lip 3-toothed: flowers orange or yellow. Fresno, 

29. L. leptophyllus, Benth. Bracts very long: standard with a crimson spot. CaL 

30. L. sparsiflorus, Benth. Similar: bracts short, persisting longer: petals violet. 

31. Ii. truncatus, Nutt. Linear leaflets truncate or 3-toothed, smooth above: petals 



LEGUMINOSJE. 107 

purple. This and the last two in Cent. Cal., southward, 
82. L. Stiveri, Kell. Leaflets broad: petioles short: standard yellow: wings rose. 

33. I*, hirsutissimus, Benth. Very hispid with viscid stinging hairs: petals purple. 

34. L. concinnus, Agardh. Very villous: lower calyx-lip trifed: standard with yellow. 

35. L. gracilis, Agardh. Leaflets broad, 3 to 6 lines long: petals 2 or 3 lines long, 
blue and white. Monterey, S. Rare. 

36. L. microcarpus, Sims. Calyx very villous: flowers usually blue or purple. 

37. L. densiilorus, Benth. Calyx only finely pubescent: flowers usually yellowish. 

38. L. luteolus, Kell. Leaves scattered: petioles short: flowers pale yellow. CaL 

4. TRXFOLITJM, Linnaeus. 

Leaflets mostly 5 to 7 -• • 1 to 4 

Leaflets 3: heads with no involucre. 

Flowers white or yellowish: leaflets linear to oblong 5, 6, 7 t 12 

Flowers red, 6 lines long or more 8, 9 

Flowers small, at length reflexed 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16 

Leaflets 3: heads with an involucre: peduncles axillary. 

Involucre green, rotate, the lobes laciniately toothed. 17 to 20 

Involucre with entire lobes 21, 25, 26 

Involucre cup-shaped or broad, lobes toothed 22, 23, 24 

Involucre very small or reduced to a ring 26 

§ 1. Leaflets 5 to 7, rarely 3: calyx teeth Jiliform, plumose. Alpine perennials. 

1. T. megacephalum, Nutt. Leaflets obovate or narrower, toothed; flowers spicate. 

2. T. Andersoni, Gr. Densely silky: leaflets entire, acute: flowers umbellate. 

3. T. Lemmoni, Watson. Leaflets coarsely serrate: flowers reflexed: ovules 2. 

4. T. Phi mm eras, Wat. Matted, hoary: leaflets 3 to 5, oblanceolate: ovary hairy. 

§ 2. Leaflets 3: heads not involucrate, terminal or apparently so, pedunculate: flowers 
sessile or nearly so (except No. 12): only No. 13 annual (its heads in one form sessile). 

5. T. eriocephalum, Nutt. Flowers in dense spikes, soon reflexed: ovary hairy. 

6. T. plumosum, Dougl. Similar: flowers not reflexed; ovary smooth. 

7. T. longipes, Nutt. Similar: ovoid heads smaller: nearly glabrous. 

8. T. altissimum, Dougl. Leaflets very acute: 4 calyx teeth curved or twisted. 

9. T. Beckwithii, Brewer. Leaflets broader: heads globose: calyx teeth straight 

10. T. Kingii, Watson. Leaflets acute: rachis produced: flowers rose-purple. 

11. T. Bolanderi, Gr. Cespitose the short stems decumbent: ovary smooth, 2-ovuled. 

12. T. Breweri, Watson. Very slender, diffuse: flowers few, nearly white, pediceled. 

13. T. Macraei, H. & A. Erect slender, 6 to 12 inches high: heads ovoid: peduncle* 
long, or, in var. dichotomum, Brewer, short. (?) 

{ 3. Leaflets S\ heads small, not involucrate, pedunculate, axillary ■: flowers on shorU 
at length reflexed pedicels: glabrous annuals: ovules £. 



108 LBGUMINOSA 

14. T. gracilenttun, T. & G. Flowers pale-rose to red-purple: calyx-teeth subulate. 

15. T. ciliatum, Gr. Similar: calyx teeth scarious margined, ciliolate. 

16. T. bifidum, Gr. Like 14 but smaller, the narrow leaflets bifid. 

§ 4. Leaflets 8: heads subtended by an involucre: peduncles axillary: flowers in whorls, 
sessile or nearly so: annuals. 

* Involucre deeply many -cleft, laciniate: corolla not becoming inflated. 

17. T. involucratum, Willd. Leaflets mostly oblanceolate, acute. 

Var. heterodon, Watson. Larger heads: leaflets broader: ovules same, mostly 5 or 6. 

18. T. tridentatum, Lindi. Slender and erect: leaflets very narrow: ovules 2. 
Var. obtusiflorum, Watson. Stout decumbent, glandular: leaflets broader. 
Var. melan.th. uill , Watson. Smooth, slender: heads of dark purple flowers small. 

19. T. pauoiilorum, Nutt. Slender, weak: heads few-flowered: calyx teeth long. 

20. T. monanthura, Gr. Decumbent stems 1 to 4 inches long: heads 1 to 4-flowered. 
# * Involucre light green, often whitish-scarious at base, not deeply lobed, broad as the the 

head, and saucer-shaped or cup-like: corolla not becoming inflated, or moderately 

so in No. 2J}. 

21. T. microcephalum, Pursh. Soft hairy: involucre about 9-lobed, lobes entire. 

22. T. microdon, H. & A. Involucral lobes 3-toothed: calyx-teeth scarious-serrulate, 

23. T. cyathiferum, Lindl. Smooth: bristly-branched calyx • teeth equaling the 
corolla. Eel Riv. and Sierra Val. to the Columbia Riv. 

24. T. barbigerum, Torr. Mostly less than a span high: calyx teeth bristly, long. 
Var. Adrewsii, Gr. Stouter, more hairy: plumose calyx teeth very long. 

* * * Involucre rotate, lobes entire or wanting: corolla inflated in fruit. 

25. T. fucatum, Lindl. Yellowish or white flowers often reddish tinged, large. 

26. T. depauperatum, Desvaux. Slender: flowers small: involucre often a ring. 
Var. amplectans has a larger 4-5-parted involucre. Heads in both forms small. 

5. MELELOTUS, Tournefort. 

1. M. parviflora, Desf. Flowers yellow a line long: spikes slender. (Sweet Clover,) 

2. M. officinalis, Willd. Similar flowers 2 lines long on slender pedicels. 

3. M. alba, Lam. Flowers white. All introduced from Eu. The first common. 

6. MEDICAGO, Linnaeus. 

1. M. sativa, L. Flowers blue-purple in close nearly capitate racemes. (Alfalfa.) 
2 M. denticnlata, Willd. Flowers yellow: pod globose-coiled, prickly. (Bur Clover.) 
8. M. maculata, Willd. Similar: leaflets with a dark spot. All introduced from Eu. 

7. HOSACKIA, Douglas. 
Flowers solitary ot rarely 2 in the axils: no stipules. 

Peduncle bracteate or rarely naked 9 to IS 



LEGUMINOSJE. 109 

Peduncle none or very short •_ • 14, 15 

Blowers in pedunculate umbels or whorls. 

Peduncle with a compound or simple bract. 

Bract below the top of the peduncle: stipules large 1,2, 3 

Bract at the top of the peduncle. 

Stipulate leaves smooth 4, 5 

Stipulate leaves pubescent 1, 6, 7, 8 

Stipules none. Pod with 5 or more seeds. 8 to 12 

Pod 1-2-seeded 17, 19, 22 to 25 

Peduncle not bracteate. Stout, erect: pod more than 5-seeded 4 

Slender, prostrate: pod 1-2-seeded 19, 20 

Flowers in nearly or quite sessile umbellate clusters: pod 1-2-seeded. 

Nearly smooth, somewhat woody 16, 18 

Very pubescent (silky or tomentose) 21, 23, 24, 25 

| 1. Pod linear, straight or nearly so 9 6-20-seeded (2-4- seeded in 15) glabrous or nearly so 

(except in 10 and 16). 

* Leaves with stipules, leaflets 5 to 20: umbels pedunculate: flowers 6 lines long or longer: 

heel obtuse: erect perennials, 
t Flowers dull-colored, yellowish and purple. 

1. EL incana, Torr. Low, stout, densely silky: peduncles about 6 lines long. 

2. EL stipularis, Benth. Taller, villous, glandular: peduncles longer. 

3. H. crassifolia, Benth. Erect, tall, nearly or quite glabrous: peduncles long. 

1 1 Flowers rather showy, larger. 

4. H. bicolor, Dougl. Glabrous: flowers yellow with whitish wings. 

5. H. gracilis, Benth. Similar: larger flowers with purplish wings. 

6. H. oblongifolia, Benth. Flowers yellow and purple, standard orange. 
Var. angustifolia, Watson. A span high: leaflets narrow: umbels 1-5-flowered. 

7. H. Torreyi, Gr. Silky: standard yellow, wings and keel white. 

8. H. xnacrantha, Greene. Stipules deciduous: petals yellow standard 6 lines broad. 

* * Stipules reduced to dark, often minute, glands (see No. 8): leaflets S to 9 (1 to S in No. 

14): claws of petals not exserted. 

t Peduncles long, l*8-flowered: flowers exceeding 6 lines long: perennials: more or less 

appressed silky: leaflets obovate or narrower, rather acute. 

9. H. grandi flora, Benth. Flowers yellowish or greenish white, rarely purple, 

10. H. ligida, Benth. Petioles short or none: flowers yellow, becoming brown. 

1 1 Peduncles l-S-flowered, about equaling the leaves: flowers less than 6 lines long: yellow 

in 11, 12', pinkish in 13, If. 

11. H. maritima, Kutt. Leaflets fleshy, 4 to 6 lines long, obovate or narrower. 

12. H. strigosa, Nutt. Diffuse, strigose: leaflets linear, rarely ovate, small. 

13. H. parvifiora, Benth. Very slender: flowers 2 or 3 lines long, rarely yellow. 

14. H. Purshiana, Benth. Widely branching, silky: flowering July to October. 



HO LEGUMINOSiE. 

1 1 1 Flowers nearly sessile and mostly solitary , not bracteate (see 12)x leaves with a broad 
rachis which bears 3 to 5 leaflets at the end and one side. 

15. H. subpinnata, T. & G. Much branched, usually decumbent or ascending and 
a few inches high: flowers yellow. Very common in Central Cal. 

Var. major. Erect, corymbosely branched above, 6 inches to 3 ft. high, flowers pinkish. 
Northern Cal. to Washington. 

16. H. brachycarpa, Benth. Soft-hairy: flowers yellow: hairy pod 2-4-seeded. 

§ 2. Pod with a long slender incurved beak, 1-2- seeded: claw of the standard remote from 

the rest: umbels sessile or on short peduncles (except Nos. 18, 20): flowers less than 

6 lines long: stipules minute dark colored glands: leaflets 3 to 7. 

• Nearly glabrous: slender stems virgately branched: pod only slightly pubescent, 2 -seeded. 

+ Somewhat woody at the base: stems angled: leaflets mostly 3. 

17. H. glabra, Torr. Stems very many erect or decumbent: leaves and fl's crowded. 

18. H. cytisoides, Benth. Similar: peduncles with a bract: calyx-teeth often recurved. 

19. H. juncea, Benth. Leaflets broader: some of the flowers pedunculate. 

+ t Not woody: stems terete: leaflets usually 5 to 7, and 2 or 3 lines long. 

20. H. prostrata, Nutt. Leaflets obovate, acute: flowers 2 or 3 lines long. 

21. H. micrantha, Nutt. Flowers smaller: peduncle naked: style hairy. 

* * Very silky or tomentose; herbaceous stems terete: pod hairy; mostly 1 -seeded: leaflets 5 to 

7 (usually 3 in 22). 

22. H. sericea, Benth. Densely white-silky: umbels loosely few-flowered. 

23. H. argophylla, Gr. Umbels 6-10-flowered: flowers orange or yellow. Sierras. 

24. H. decumbens, Benth. Villous and tomentose: stems diffuse: lvs and fls crowded. 

25. H. tomentosa. H. & A. Very tomentose, prostrate: flowers 3 or 4 lines long. 

26. H. Heerxnannii, D. & H. Less tomentose more branched: leaflets and fl's smaller, 

8. PSORA LEA, Linnaeus. 

Leaflets 3, orbicular on long petioles from creeping stem ^- ^^ * ^~ .... 1 

Leaflets 3, rombic-ovate to narrowly ovate: stems erect „ 2, 3, 4 

Leaflets 5, rarely 7: clustered stems very short 5 

1. P. obicularis, Lindl. Peduncles a foot or two long. In wet ground. Cal. 

2. P. strobilina, H. & A. Stems 2-3 ft. high: peduncles shorter than the leaves. CaL 

3. P. macrostacliya, DC. Often 6 ft. high or more: peduncles exceeding the leaves. 

4. P. physodes, Dougl. Stems numerous, 1 or 2 ft. high: flowers greenish. Coast. 

5. P. Calif onuca, Watson. Silky-gray: leaves exceeding the close racemes. Bare. 

0. AMORPHA, Linnaeus. 
1. A. Calif brnica, Nutt. Glandular, 3 to 10 ft. high: standard exceed by stamens. 

10. GLYCYBRHIZA, Linnaeus. 
1. Q. lepidota, Nutt. var. glutinosa, Watson. Flowers white or pinkish, 6 lines long. 



LEGUMINOS-SL Ill 

11. ASTRAGALUS, Tournefort. 

* Annuals: pods 2-celled. 

Pods 1 or 2 lines long, 2-seeded, wrinkled: spikes short 1, 2 

Pod linear, straight, 5 to many seeds: flowers capitate. 3, 4 

Pods 3 to 5 lines long: spikes of small white flowers very long 5 

Pods ovoid, long-beaked, gray-silky : flowers capitate, white 6 

* * Perennials: pods 1 -celled, with thin walls, inflated, bladder -like. 

Pods on stipes equaling or little exceeding the calyx 7, 8, 9 

Pods on filiform, stipes much exceeding the calyx: stem erect 10, 11, 12 

Pods sessile in the calyx, 1-2 inches long: many seeds 13 to 17 

5 to 8 lines long: stems low: flowers 3 lines long 18, 19 

# • • Perennials: pods turgid, not bladder-like, coriaceous, densely long-woolly or downy \ 

incurved 20, 21, 22 

• * # # Perennials: pods often turgid, not bladder-like, not long-hairy or woolly. 

Pods stipitate, 1-celled, sutures not inflexed , 23 to 26 

2-celled: cross section obcordately 2-lobed 27 

Pods not stipitate, 1 or 2 inches long, 1-celled t 28, 29 

2 or 3 lines long, 2-celled 30 

2 lines long, hoary, cylindric-oval. 31 

3 lines long, 1-celled: leaflets spiny-tipped 32 

1. A. didymocarpus, H. & A. Calyx equaling the erect pod, black-hairy. 

2. A . nigrescens, Nutt. Calyx J as long as the pendulous lightly wrinkled pods. 

3. A. tener, Gr. Violet and white flowers: pods 5-7 lines long, drooping. 

4. A. Rattani, Gr. Flowers larger, violet: pods slender, 1-1J inches long, erect. 

5. A Clevelandii, Greene. Tall: leaflets J- J in. long, mucronate. 

6. A. Breweri, Gr. Similar in habit to No. 4: pods 3-4 lines long, beaks longer. 
7 A. Hookerianus, Dietr. Diffuse, silky, a span high: pod obovoid, obtuse. 

8. A. oxyphysus, Gr. Erect, 2 or 3 ft. high, silky: pod slender-obovoid, acuminate, 

9. A. curtipes, Gr. Lower, not silky: stipules united: pod ovoid or oval, acute. 

10. A. leucophyllus, T. & G. Oval pod one-sided, filiform hairy stipe very long. 

11. A. leucopsis, T. & G. Similar pod tapering into a smooth stipe half as long. 

12. A. trichopodus, Gr. Pods smaller, 6 lines long or more, stipe 3 lines long. 

13. A. oocarpus, Gr. Straggling stems 3-6 ft. long: green stipules mostly deflexedL 

14. A. Crotalariss, Gr. Scarious stipules distinct: ovoid pod 1-1 J inches long. 

15. A. Menziesii, Gr. Similar: upper stipules united: pod larger, more bladdery. 

16. A. macrodon, Gr. Like the preceding: flowers smaller: peduncles short. - 

17. A Douglasii, Gr. Spike an inch long or less: pod ovoid 1J-2 inches long 

IS. A. Hornii, Gr. Pods in a dense head or short spike, ovoid, acuminate, hairy. 
19. A. Pulsifer®, Gr. White hairy: pods few ovoid, curved, 3-8-seeded, hairy. 
20 A. Purshii, DougL Tufted, silky: peduncles 5-6 -flowered: pod ovoid. 



21. 


A. 


22. 


A. 


23. 


A. 


24. 


A 


25. 


A. 


26. 


A. 


27. 


A 


28. 


A. 


29. 


A. 


30. 


A. 


31. 


A. 


32. 


A 



112 LEGUMIN08A 

Andersoni, Gr. Densely white-hairy: leaflets 13-25 pairs: pods falcate. 
Congdoni, Watson. Less hairy: leaflets 8-10 pairs: pod narrower. 
Gibbsii, Kellogg. Soft-hairy: pod much curved, an inch or more long, 
collinus, Dougl. Hoary: pod slightly curved, erect, less than 1 inch long. 
Calif ornicus, Greene. Stouter: pod straight, purple-bloched, 1£ inches long. 
Antiselli, Gr. Ashy-hairy; leaflets 21-29: straight pod, 8-9 lines long. 
Bolanderi, Gr. Scarious stipules united: pcd ovoid, curved, veiny. 
Webberi, Gr. Silvery-silky: pods thick- walled, glabrous, sutures prominent, 
pychnostachyus, Gr. Stout, hoary: pods reticulated, thin- walled, acute. 
Lemmoni, Gr. Slender, procumbent, green: leaflets 9-11, mucronate. 
Austin®, Gr. Tufted, silvery-silky: flowers in a close head, whitish. 
Kentrophyta, Gr. Flowers 1-3 on very short peduncles, 2 lines long. 

12. VICIA, Tournefort. 

Perennials: peduncles 4-18-flowered 1, 2 

Annuals: peduncles short, 1-2-flowered 3, 4 

1. V. gigantea, Hooker. Stout, 5-10 ft. high: petals dull-purplish. 

2. V. Americana, Muhl. Glabrous, 1-4 ft. high: leaflets 8-16, variable. 
Var. truncata, Brewer. Leaflets truncate or toothed at apex, somewhat hairy. 
Var. linearis, Watson. Leaflets linear: mostly low and slender. 

3. V. exigua, Nutt. Mostly low: leaflets about 8: flowers 3 lines long, purplish. 

4. V. sativa, Linn. Stouter: flowers nearly sessile, 1 inch long, violet. 

13. LATHYRUS, Linnaeus. 
Leaves with tendrils', racemes several — many-flowered. 

Pod not on a stipe. Stipules large: glabrous 1, 2, 3 

Stipules narrow: more or less pubescent. 7, 8 

Pod on a short stipe. Stems stout, tall 4, 5, 6 

Leaves without tendrils, or rarely with them: pods on short stipes 9, 10, 11 

1. L. maritimus, Bigelow. Leaflets 3-5 pairs, close flowers purple. 

2. L. polyphyllus, Nutt. Similar: leaflets 6-10 pairs, thin, not sessile. 

3. L. sulphurous, Brewer. Flowers sulphur or dull yellow, 5-7 lines long. 

4. L. Nuttallii, Watson. Loosely woolly-hairy: petals red-purple, 6-8 lines long. 

5. L. Calif ornicus, Watson. Stem winged: leaflets soft-pubescent: petals 7-9 lines 
long, yellowish or pinkish. This and next under L. venosus, in Bot. Cal., etc. 

6. I*. Bolanderi, Watson. Stems wingless: glabrous: flowers purple. 

7. Ij. vestitus, Nutt. Slender: stems wingless: flowers pale rose or violet. 

8. L. palustris, L. Leaflets 2-4 pairs, linear: flowers few, purplish, smalL 

9. Li. litoralis, Endl. Densely silky: a small terminal leaflet: pod hairy. 

10. Ii. Nevadensis, Watson. Slender: standard purplish; wings and keel yellowish- 



ROSACEA 1 1 3 

11. I*. Torreyi, Gr. Acute leaflets 6 lines long: purplish flowers solitary. 

14. CERCIS, Linnaeus. 
C. occidentalis, Torr. Small standard enclosed by the wings: pods red. 



ROSACEA. 

* Shrubs or Trees. 

a. Flower 8 white, 3 lines or more oxross: carpels 1-5, distinct. 

Carpel 1, becoming a drupe (like a cherry or plum) 1 

Carpels 5 (or often wanting), stamens 15: racemes drooping: cherry-like 2 

Carpels 2-5, becoming inflated, usually reddening: stamens 20 or more. . . « . . . * 7 

Carpels 5, hairy: leaves bipinnate, leaflets minute: panicles leafy 8 

Carpel 1, becoming an akene: low shrub: leaves tripinnate 9 

b. Flowers white, 2 lines broad or less, in dense panicles: carpels 1 to 12. 

Stamens 20 or more: flowers in plumose panicles: leaves large, lobed 6 

Stamens 10-15: evergreen leaves 2-4 lines long: panicles erect 18 

e. Flowers rose-color or pale purple, small: carpels 5, distinct 3 

d. Flowers 3 lines or more across: carpels 2-5, enclosed by the fleshy calyx-tube forming an 
inferior ovary {partly inferior in 24)* 

Evergreen leaves serrate: carpels 2: stamens 10: berries scarlet 24 

Deciduous leaves simple: flowers corymbose. 

Fruit red or yellow: no spines or thorns 25 

Fruit black or purple: spinose 26 

Deciduous leaves simple: flowers racemose: petals oblong 27 

c Flowers 6 lines broad or more: stamens and carpels numerous: fruit like a blackberry or 

raspberry ,10 

/. Flowers solitary, axillary, small: petals none: calyx white, the limb deciduous: carpel 1 

(rarely 2), long plumose tailed 11 

g. Flowers rose-colored an inch or more across: stamens many: ovary apparently inferior: 

stems slender, prickly: leaves pinnate 23 

# Herbs. 

a. Flowers 6 lines broad or more: akenes forming a berry 10 

b. Flower 8 very small (except 1 sp. in 3), white: calyx lobes 5 (no intermediate lobes or bract- 

lets): stamens 20 or more: carpels 3-10. 

Leaves very large, tripinnate: spikes in large panicles -. 4 

Leaves twice or thrice 3-cleft : raceme shurx ...... 5 

Leaves entire, rosulate, silky: scape low 3d sp. in 3 

Leaves 5-7-lobed with small basal leaflets: petals 2-3 lines long 4th sp. in 8 



114 ROSACEA 

0. Flowers yeUow, white or purple: calyx appendaged between the lobes, or apparently un- 

equally 10'hbed. 
Stamens 20 or more: carpels very numerous: receptacle conical to clavate. 

Akenes with hooked or plumose tails 12 

Akenes seed-like on a juicy receptacle: leaves 3-foliolate 13 

Akenes seed-like on a dry receptacle. (Try No. 16 and 17.) 14 

Stamens 20 or less: carpels few or many on a dry receptacle. 

Stamens 10 (or 20 and corolla pink): corolla white: receptacle nearly naked 16 

Stamens 5 to 20; filaments slender: carpels few or 1: receptacle hairy 17 

Stamens 5: carpels 5 to 10: leaflets 3, cuneate, 3-5-toothed 15 

d. Flowers smaU: carpels 1 to S becoming akenes enclosed by the firm calyx-tube forming a 

apparently inferior ovary. 

Leaves pinnate flowers in heads or spikes. 

Calyx with barbed prickles: petals none: anthers purple ••••21 

Calyx with a margin of hooked prickles: petals yellow 20 

Calyx 4-angled, naked, limb petaloid : petals none 22 

Leaves palmately lobed: greenish apetalous flowers axillary - 19 

1. PRUNTTS, Tournefort 

Flower* white: scraggy or spiny: leaves ovate, an inch long or loss 1, 8 

branches slender: leaves 1 to 4 inches long 2, 4 

low: leaves spatulate, entire, 6 lines long, sessile 7 

evergreen leaves, shining, prickly toothed, broad. .»•••-. 5 

Flowers rose-color: low, spiny: leaves oblanceolate, 6 to 12 lines long 6 

[The first species is a small plum, the others scarcely edible cherries.] 

1. P. subcordata, Benth. Bark ashy gray: flowers in small lateral clusters, 

2. P. emarginata, Walpers. Bark chestnut brown: corymbs 6-12-flowered. 
Var. mollis, Brewer. Taller, becoming 25 ft. high, woolly. Oregon. 

3. P. Fremonti, Walp. Flowers solitary or few together: ovary densely hairy, 

4. P. demissa, Walp. Dense racemes 3-4 inches long, erect: leaves large. 

5. P. ilicifolia, Walp. Racemes small, axillary: fruit ripening in November. 

6. P. Andersoni, Gr. Low, diffuse: leaves oblanceolate, acute: fruit velvety, 

7. P. fasciculata, Gr. Similar: slender petals recurved: stamens 10-15: 

2. NUTTAIXIA, Gray. 

1. N. cerasiformis, T. & G. Dioecious: 1 to 4 of the carpels maturing drapes. 

3. SPIRJKA, Linnaeus. 
• Shrubs with rose-colored or purplish flowers: carpels 6. 
1. S. betolsefolia: Pallas. Pale purple flowers in corymbs. Alpine. 




£ ** 









ROSACEA 



115 



2. S. Douglasii, Hooker. Darker flowers in dense panicles. Wet places, 

* * Herbaceous with a woody base: flowers white. 
S. 8. CSBspitosa, Nutt. Tufted: flowers in dense spikes on leafy scapes. 
4. 8. occidentalis, Watson. Simple glabrous stems 2-6 ft. high: panicle cymose. 

4. ARUNCUS. Linnaeus. 
I. A. Sylvester, Kost Smooth, 3-5 ft. high: flowers dioecious: stamens exserted. 

5. ERIOGYNIA, Hooker. 
1. E. pectinate, Hook. Cespitose, creeping; branches erect: stamens included, 

6. HOLODISCTJS, Maximowicz. 
1. H. discolor, Max. Flowers mostly dull white or light buff: carpels hairy. 

7. PHYSOOARPUS, Maximowicz 
1. P. opulifolia, Max. Bark shreddy: leaves 3-lobed: corymbs 2 inches broad. 

8. CTTAMflSBATIARIA, Maximowicz. 
1. C. Millefolium, Max. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, 1-3 inches long. 

9. CHAMJEBATIA, Bentham. 
1. C. foliolosa, Benth. Strong scented, viscid: leaves ovate to oblong. 

10. RTXBUS, Linnaeus. 

Stems woody : leaves simple, palmately lobed : no prickles 1 

Stems woody: leaves mostly 3-foliolate: more or less prickly 2, 3, 4 

Stems herbaceous, trailing, not prickly: carpels few 5, 6 

1. It. Nutkanus, Mocino. Large leaves: large rose-like flowers. 

2. R. leucodermis, Dougl. Leaves white below, veins pricky. (Kaspberry.) 

3. R. spectabilis, Pursh. Flowers large, red -purple: fruit yellow or crimson. 

4. R. ursinus, C. & S, Stems weak, often long-trailing: very prickly. (Blackberry.) 

5. R pedatus, Smith. Leaves 3-foliolate or nearly 5-foliolate: fruit red. 

6. R. lasiococcus, Gr. Stouter: leaves mostly 3-5-lobed: fruit tomentose. 

11. CERCOCARPTJS, HBKL 

1. C. parvifolius, Nutt. Evergreen: leaves veiny, serrate above: wood hard. 

2. O. ledifolius, Nutt. Leaves narrow, entire margins re volute. (Mt. Mahogony.) 



1. 


F. 


2. 


P. 


3. 


F. 


4. 


F. 



116 ROSACKJE. 

12. GETTM, Linnaeus. 

L Gh macrophyllum, Wild. Flowers yellow: style jointed: akene- tails hooked. 
2. Gh triflorum, Pursh. Flowers purplish: styles plumose: akene-tails feathery. 

13. FRAGARIA, Tournefort. 

* Akenes deeply pitted in the depressed-globose fruit. 
Chilensis, Ehrh, Leaves thick, dark green, shining: flowers large. Coast. 
Virginiana, Ehrh. Similar: flowers smaller: fruit darker. 

# * Agents on the surface of the ovoid fruit. 
Californlca, C. & S. Light green thin leaves: petioles not silky. 
vesca, L. Similar: larger. Perhaps No. 3 is only a variety of this. 

14. POTENTILLA, Linmeus. 

* Style attached at or below the. middle of the ovary. 

A foot or two high: leaflets 5-0, coarsely serrate: petals yellow or white 1 

Creeping: leaves and peduncles radical: leaflets 7 to many: petals yellow. 2 

Stems stout, rooting at the joints: flowers dark lurid-purple 3 

Shrubby leaflets entire, silky, margins revolute 4 

* * Style attached at or near the top of the ovary, stamens 20. 
Alpine or subalpine (altitude 7,000 ft. or more) leaflets an inch long or less. 

Densely white tomentose: leaflets 7 to 13: carpels stipitate 5 

Si Iky -villous: leaflets closely pinnate or palmate 8, 9 

Glabrous: leaflets 3, broadly cuneiform, 7-9-toothed. 11 

In the mountains but mostly lower than 7,000 ft. 

Leaflets 5-15, deeply serrate or piiinatifid 6, 7 

Leaflets 3, toothed above 10, 11 

1. P. glandulosa, Lindley. Petals usually shorter than the calyx. 
Var. Nevadensis, Watson. More slender: stamens sometimes only 20. 

2. P. Anserina, L. Long runners: leaflets with smaller ones between. Wet places. 

3. P. palustris, Scop. Many fibrous roots: leaves palmate: leaflets serrate. Swamps. 
P. fruticosa, L. Much branched: stamens 30: carpels very villous. 

5. P. Breweri, Watson. Leaflets nearly equal, 3-6 lines long: petals large. 

6. P. Plattensis, Nutt. Slender stems 3-12 inches long: leaflets pinnatitid. 

7. P. gracilis, Dougl. Taller, more hairy: leaflets and flowers larger. 
Var. rigida, Watson. Tall and stout, not tomentose. The common form. 

8. P. dissecta, Pursh. Leaflets pinnatifid or coarsely serrate: tufted-hairy. 

9. P. "WTieeleri, Watson. Leaflets cuneate, 3-5 toothed, 6 lines long or less. 

10. P. Grayi, Watson. Low stems 3-6-flowered: leaflets 5-7- toothed. 

11. P. gelida, C. A. Meyer. Leaflets larger, broader, end one nearly sessile. 



117 

15. SLBALDIA, LinnjBU*. 

1. S. procrumbens, L. Stems creeping: calyx lobes exceeding the minute petals. 

16. HORKELIA, C. & S. 

Styles thickened at the base: leaflets incised 6-12 lines long 1 

Calyx-bracts nearly as broad as the lobes: leaflets 3-8 lines long . . . . 9 

Calyx-bracts much narrower than the lobes. 

Leaflets deeply incised or lobed 3, 4, 5 f 6 

Leaflets few-toothed at the truncate apex • 7 

Leaflets bifid, 2 or 3 lines long, silky 8 

1. H. fusca, Lindl. Cymes dense: petals 2 lines long, sepals longer. 

2. H. Califomica, C. & S. Glandular: sepals and petals 3-6 lines long. 
Var. sericea, Gr. Stouter: leaflets larger: canescent with silky hairs. 

3. H. congesta, Hook. Sparsely stiff- hairy: leaflets 6-9 lines long. 

4. H. tenuiloba, Gr. White-hairy: leaflets 8-12 pairs, 2-3 lines long. 

5. H. Bolanderi, Gr. Densely hoary, pubescent, tufted, 3-4 inches high. 

6. H. purpurascens, Watson. Purplish calyx 3-4 lines long: petals rose-color. 

7. H. tridentata, Torr. Silky: leaflets 2-5 pairs, mostly 3- toothed at apex. 

8. H. sericata, Watson. Tufted: some stem leaflets entire: petals notched. 

17. IVESIA, TorreyfcGray. 

Flowers in rather close panic led cymes: stems mostly leafy 1, 2, 8 

Flowers yellow, in cymes on nearly naked stems. Alpine 4, 5 

Flowers white, in diffuse panicles upon leafy stems •• 6 

1. I. Pickeringii, Torr. Densely white-silky: petals yellowish, spatulate. 

2. I. unguiculata, Gr. Similar: petals white, clawed, orbicular: carpels 5-8. 

3. I. Webberi, Gr. Low, loosely villous: petals yellow: stamens 5-10. 

4. I. Gtordoni, T. & G. Viscid: 3-10 inches high: stem leaves pinnatifid. 
Var. pygmaea, Watson. An inch or two high: stamens sometimes 10. 

Var. lycopsoides, Watson. Nearly glabrous: leaflets thick, rounded, imbricated. 

5. I. Muirii, Gr. Densely silky, an inch high: leaves terete: carpels 2. 

6. I. santalinoides, Gr. Stems 6-18 inches high: leaves silky: terete: carpel 1. 

18. ADENOSTOMA, H. & A. 

1. A. fasciculatum, H. & A. Bark becoming shreddy: leaves subulate, aout*. 

2. A. sparsifolium, Torr. Resinous: leaves scattered, obtuse. San Diego* 

19. ALCHEMZLLA, Tournefort. 
1. A. arvensis, Scopoli. An obscure under- herb: stipules enclosing the floweza. 



118 ROSACEA 

20. AGBIMONIA, Tournefort 
L A* Eupitoria, L. Hairy: 2-4 ft. high: racemes spicate: akene subgloboee. 

21. AC-2ENA, Linnaeus. 
1. A* trifida, R. <fe P. Leaves crowded at base: green flowers in terminal spike. 

22. POTEBIXJM, LinnaBus. 

1. P. officinale, B. & H. Flowers deep purple or red in a short spike. 

2. P. annuum, Nutt. Smaller: leaflets pinnatifld: flowers greenish. 

23. ROSA, Tournefort. 

1. B. Nut kan a, PresL Spines stout: stipules broad; flowers 2 or 3 inches broad* 

2. B. pisocarpa, Gr. Globose fruit smaller, with a neck. 

3. B. Calif ornica, C. & S. Often tall: fruit ovoid, with a neck. 

4. B. spithamea, Watson. A span high or less: globose fruit giandular-priokly. 

5. B. gymnocarpa, Nutt. Slender: calyx-lobes deciduous, leaving fruit naked. 

24. HETEROMELES, J. Rcemer. 
1. H. arbutifolia, Rcem. Panicles terminal: fruit ripe in December. (Toycn.) 

25. PIBUS, Linnaeus. 

1. P., rivularis, Dougl. Leaves simple, woolly: fruit ovoid. 

2. P. sambucifolia, C. & S. Leaves pinnate: fruit globose, red. 

26. CBAT.2EGUS, Linnaeus. 

1. C. rivularis, Nutt. Leaves ovate, serrate, rarely lobed. (Hawthorn.) 

2. 0. Douglasii, LindL A large tree: leaves often incised: fruit 6 lines thick. 

27. AMELANCHIER, Medicos. 
1. A. alnifolia, Nutt Flowers in short racemes: petals not orate, (Shad-berry,) 



CALTCANTHACEJ5. 

1. CALYCANTHTJS, Liunaeus. 
0. oceidentalis, H. & A Inner sepals and outer petals lurid purple or red, e 
inch or more long, slender, leathery: inner petals shorter, incurved. 



BAXIFRAGACKfi. 119 

SAXIFKAGACE.E. 

§ 1. Herb* with leaves alternate or all radical (except No. 2 in 7): styles 2 or 3 (sessile 
stigmas 3 or 4 in 11): carpels united or rarely distinct, the tips divergent (flattened- 
obcordate in 12). 

Stamens apparently many in clusters, only 5 perfect 11 

Stamens 8-10: petals none: flowers minute, axillary, solitary 12 

Stamens 10 (rarely more or less in No. 1): flowers in terminal racemose or cymose clusters. 

Petals broad, entire: ovary 2-celled or carpels distinct 1 

Petals pinnatifld, 3-7 lobed or entire: ovary 1 -celled: racemes simple 7 

Petals entire, very slender: styles slender; carpels unequal. 8 

Stamens 5: petioles expanded stipule-like, or bristly at base. 

Petals deciduous, entire, broad: radical leaves 3-parted No. 2 in 1 

leaves 3 -9- lobed or cleft: ovary inferior. 8 

Petals deciduous, often crenate, white: seeds winged 5 

pinnatifld or 3-cleft; lobes filiform: ovary globular. 9 

entire or wanting, small: ovary 1-celled . • 10 

Petals persistent, entire or 3-lobed, spatulate, violet: ovary inferior 8 

entire, slender, purple : ovary superior 4 

Stamens 3: petals entire, filiform, recurved persistent 6 

| 2. Shrubs with, large white flower* or woody -based herbs: leaves opposite. 

Shrubs: stamens 20 or more: petals 4 or 6: stigmas distinct 13 

petals 5 to 7: stigmas united. 14 

Herbaceous: branches terminated by capitate clusters of small flowers. 15 

| X Slender shrubs: leaves alternate: flowers mostly in drooping clusters : ovary inferior, 
globose* calyx'lobes larger than the erect petals, usually petaloid .16 

1. SAXTFBAGA, Linnaeus. 

• Stemless, or rarely a leaf or two on the scape below. 

Leaves large, peltate, cupped in the center: flowers pink. 1 

Leaves an inch or less broad, short petioled : scape 2 to 4 inches high 2 

Leaves rounded-cordate, long petioled: filaments broadest above: calyx soon reflexed 8, 9 
Leaves not cordate, contracted at base into a margined petiole or nearly sessile. 

Calyx-lobes erect or spreading 3, 5 

Calyx-lobes reflexed in fruit or sooner 4, 6, 7 

# * Stems leafy, tufted [except No. IS): petioles short. 

Leaves small, evergreen, entire, crowded. Alpine. 10 

Leaves like strawberry leaflets: flowers greenish 11 

Leaves few on the stem: stamens 5 19 

1. 8. peltata, Torr. Scape stout, 1-3 ft. high: carpels distinct. Streams. 

2. 8. Parry i, Torr. Calyx and white petals brown or purple- veined. 



120 SAIIFRAOACK^L 

3. S. Virginiensis, Michx. Petals obovate, twice the length of the calyK. 

4. S. renexa, Hook. Calyx reflexed: filaments often thick above, 

5. S. nivalis, L. Flowers fewer, more crowded; petals narrow, small, 

6. S. integrifolia, Hook. Scape 1-3 ft. high, viscid: seeds large. 

7. S. bryophora, Gr. Leaves slender, entire: many pedicels bulb-bearing. 

8. S. Mertensiana, Bong. Leaves many-lobed: pedicels often bulbiferooa. 

9. S. punctata, L, Leaves coarsely toothed: panicle not bulbiferous. 

10. S. Tolxniei, T. & G. Peduncles 2 inches long: carpels often 3 or 4. 

11. S. fragarioides, Greene. Woody caudex branched: petals persistent. 

12. S. ranunculifolia, Hook. Slender, a foot high or less: flowers corymbose, 

2. BOYKINIA, NuttalL 

1. B. occidentals, T. & G. Leaves thin, 1-3 inches broad, incisely toothed. 

2. B. major, Gr. Stouter, larger: leaves 4-8 inches broad, 5-9-cleft, 

3. SUKSDORFIA, Gray. 
L S. violacea, Gr. Weak, viscid: flower parts rarely in 7's. Or. Wash, 

4. BOLANDBA, Gray. 

1. B. Californica, Gr. Stems slender: petals dull purple. Yosemite. 

2. B. Oregana, Watson. Stouter: petals deep purple: pedicels reflezed in fruit* 

5. SULIVANTIA, Torrey & Gray. 
1. S. Oregana, Watson. Scape nearly leafless: leaves an inch or less broad. 

6. TOLMIEA, Torrey & Gray. 
1. T. Menzie8ii, T. & G. Calyx gibbous, Anally splitting down one side. 

7. TELLIMA, Robt. Brown. 

Petals laciniately pinnatifid, reflex ed, rose-color or greenish 1 

Petals entire, spatulate-obovate, white or pinkish: calyx-base acute, adnata S 

Petals entire or with small side-teeth, obovate or oval, white: calyx-base broad. 8 

Petals 3-lobed, nearly cuneate, white or pinkish: calyx-base broad: styles smooth 4 

calyx-base turbinate, styles rough. . . 5 

Petals deeply 3-cleft, pink or white: ovary half inferior: bulblet-bearing 6 

Petals palmately 3-7-parted, mostly pink: ovary nearly free: bulblet-bearing 7 

1. T. grandinora, R. Br. Stout, 1-3 ft. high: calyx inflated. Monterey to Alaska. 

2. T. Cymbalaria, Walp. Stem filiform, usually a pair of leaves. S. CaL 

3. T. Bolanderi, Bol. Stems often branching: styles smooth. Cent. CaL 



SAXIFRAGACEiE. 121 

4. T. heterophylla, H. & A. Similar, very Blender: petals acute. Gent. OaL 

5. T. affinis, Bolander. Stouter: calyx-tube rough, partly adnate. OaL 

6. T, parviflora, Hook. Calyx obconical: ovary half inferior. Or. Wash. 

7. T. tenella, Walp. Slender, 2-9 in. high: ovary nearly free. N. E. CaL 

8. TTARELLA, Linnseus. 

1. T. unifoliata, Hook. Leaves 3-5-lobed, crenately toothed. S. F. Bay, N. 

2. T. trifoliata, L. Most of the leaves 3-foliolate. Or. to Alaska. 

9. MITELLA, Tournefort. 

1. M. Breweri, Gr. Leaves 2-3 in. broad: scape naked: petals J in. long. S.N. Mt& 

2. M. triflda, Grah. Petals smaller, 3-5-parted. In shade. Coast Ranges. 

S. M. caulescens, Nutt. Stouter: 1 or more leaves on scape. Klamath River, N. 

10. HETJCHERA, Linnaeus. 

1, H, glabra, Willd. Leaves acutely iobed, incised: panicle loose. Or., N. 

2. H. rubescens, Torr. Leaves crenately lobed J-l in. broad. S. N. Mts., N.ftR 

8. H. micrantha, Dougl. Leaves obtusely lobed, crenate, 2-4 in. broad. 

4. H. pilosissima, F. & M. Very villous, viscid: calyx- base rounded. Cal. Coast. 

5. XL cylindrica, Dougl. Flowers nearly spicate, £•£ in. long: petals minute. 

11. PARNASSIA, Tournefort. 

1. P. palustris, L. Leaves ovate to ovate -cordate J.l in. long: petals £•■£ in* long, 
Var. Californica, Gr. Larger in every way. In wet places, mountains. 

2. P. fimbriata, Banks. Leaves reniform to cordate: appendages few cr a scola 

12. CHRYSOSPLENIUM, Linnaeus. 
I. 0. glechomsefolium, Nutt. Decumbent in wet places: leaves J-J *&* long. 

13. PHILADELPHX7S, Linnaeus. 

1. P. Lewisii, Pursh. Spreading, 3-5 ft. high: stigmas narrow. S. N. Mta. 

2. P. Gordonianus, LindL Larger in every way: leaves mostly toothed. Ooanr* 

14. CARPENTERIA, Torrey. 
h 0* Californica, Torr. Leaves narrowly lanceolate. King's River, Cal, 

15. WHIPPLE A, Torrey. 
1. W. modesta, Torr. Stems slender, spreading: calyx and corolla white. 



122 SAXIFRAGACEJE 

16. RIBES, Linnaeus. 
| 1. More or lesa thorny and prickly: leaves 3-5-lobed, parted or divided: peduncles 1-5* 
flowered (5-9-flowered in No. 10), (Gooseberries.) 

Calyx bright red: fruit bristly or prickly 1, 2, 4 

Calyx yellow: leaves very small: fruit smooth 6, 7 

Calyx white or pinkish, lobes erect: ovary white-villous; fruit velvety 6 

Calyx greenish, villous: stamens short: fruit spiny-pnckly 3 

Calyx greenish or dull-purplish: ovary and fruit smooth 9, 

Calyx greenish white, limb saucer-shaped, 3 lines broad: stamens shore 10 

§ 2. Thornless, no prickles: stamens short: berry not prickly. (Currant*.) 

Calyx greenish white, rotate above the ovary: berry J-l in. long, black 11 

Calyx waxy- white, greenish or pinkish; tube cylindrical, £-£ in. long 12 

Calyx dull white, greenish or purplish; tube cylindrical-campanulate * 13 

Calyx rose-red to nearly white; tube short, broad i racemes dense: fruit dry 14 

Calyx golden yellow, salverform; tube J-J in; long: spicy-fragrant . . 15 

1. R. speciosum, Pursh. Tall: Flowers nearly an inch long, parts often in 4's, 

2. R. Menziesii, Pursh. Very thorny: anthers sharp-sagittate. 

3. It. ambiguum, Watson. Glandular, villous: white petals nearlv as long as the 
stamens. 

4. R. Lobbii, Gr. Flowers 9 lines long: anthers oval: very obtuse, white. 

5. It. leptanthum, Gr. Rigid, much branched: style undivided, smooth. 

6. R. velutinum, Greene. Rigid recurved branches: stout thorns solitary 

7. R. quercetorum, Greene. Calyx-lobes ciliate, reflexed, bright yellow, 

8. R. divaricatum, Dougl. Stems widely spreading: stamens exserted. 

9. R. oxycanthoides, L. Similar: flowers smaller; stamens little exserted. 

10. R. lacustre, Pciret. var. molle, Gr. Low: leaves downy: berry light red. 

11. R. bracteosum, Dougl. Leaves 5-7-cleft, lobes acute, 5-9 in. wide. 

12. R. cereum, Dougl. Leaves 3-lobed, an inch broad or less, crenate. 

13. R. viscosissimum, Pursh. Viscid: leaves moderately lobed. 

14. R. sanguineum, Pursh. Leaves obtusely 3-5-lobed: petals often white: variable* 

15. R. aureum, Pursh. Glabrous or nearly so: racemes 5-10-flowered. 



CRASS PLACED. 

Obscure under herbs: minute greenish flowers in the axils of minute leaves. 1 

Very fleshy herbs: leaves entire (serrate in 1st sp. No. 2): petals distinct •• 9 

petals more or less united. . . 8 

1. TTXIiiEA, Linnaeus. 
1. T. minima, Miers. Flowers clustered in the axils: leaves ovate, a line lonjf. 



CRASSULACEiR. 123 

2. T. angustifolia, Nutt Stems rooting, 1 in. long: leaves 1-2 lines long. 

V&r. Bolanderi, Watson. Stems 3-4 in. high: flower parts in 3's of 4's. 

8. T. peduncularis, Smith. Pedicels 4-6 lines long in fruit: carpels purplish. 

2. SEDUM, Linnaeus. 

Flowers dioecious, deep purple, parts mostly in 4's. 1 

Leaves narrowed toward the base, obtuse . 2, 3, 4 

Leaves broadest near the base, acute 5, 6, 7 

1. S. Rhodiola, DC. Stems simple: leaves acute, rarely entire. Alpine. 

2. S. spathulifolium, Hook. Glaucous: petals yellow, 3 lines long, acute. 

3. 8. Oreganum, Nutt. Not glaucous: petals pale rose, much exceeding the stamens. 

4. S. obtusatum, Gr. Similar to 2 & 3: flowers pedicelled; petals pale yellow, broader. 
6. S. variegatum, Watson. Radical leaves slender: petals yellow, often purple-veined. 

6. 8. radiatum, Watson. Carpels broad, the beaks horizontal, star-like: petals yel. 

7. 8. pumilum, Benth. Annual; 1-3 inches high: leaves 1-2 limes long: carpels 1- 
eeeded. 

3. COTYLEDON, Linnaeus. 

Leaves cylindrical and somewhat 3-sided • ,.. 1, 2 

Leaves flattened: carpels nearly distinct, erect 

Petals united to the middle, red. 3 

Petals united £ the length, pale yellow, 4 lines long 4 

Petals united only at the base, yellow or orange. 

Leaves glaucous, white dusty or mealy. . . 5, 8, 7, 8 
Leaves not glaucous or mealy, reddish 9, 10 

1. 0. edulis, Brewer. Petals widely spreading, yellowish. San Diego. 

2. 0. viscida, Watson. Leaves numerous, very viscid: corolla reddish. S. CaL 

3. C. pulverulenta, B. & II. Densely white-dusty: leaves 2 or 3 inches broad. 

4. 0. Oregonensis, Watson. Leaves spatulate, obtuse: racemes axillary. 

5. C. lanceolata, B. & H. Petals orange, mid- vein glaucous: calyx-base broad. 

6. C. farinosa, B. & H. Usually densely mealy: petals lemon yellow. 

7. 0. CSBspitosa, Haworth. Sepals ovate, 2 lines long or less: petals yellow. 

8. C. laxa, B. & H. Petals orange-yellow, keeled, prominent mid-vein glaucous. 

9. 0. Palmeri, Watson. Flowering stem red: petals pale yellow. S. Cal. coask 
1(X 0. Lingula, Watson. Leaves an inch broad, 2 or 3 inches long, acute. 



DROSERACE^ 

1. EROSERA, LinnaBus. 
1. D. rotundifolia, L. Leaf-blade rounded, 2 6 lines broad: petals 2 lines long. 



124 LYTHRACEJB 

2* D. Anglica, Hudson, Leaf -blade caneate: petals much exceeding the sepala 

LYTHRACEJE. 

Calyx slightly 4 angled, short: petals none: capsule globular 1 

Petals 4: capsule striate under microscope, splitting into 3 or 4 raises. 2 

Calyx cylindrical, striate, 4 to 7 teeth with smaller ones between: petals 4 to 7 (usually 
6): stamens as many or twice as many: capsule 2-celled »«. 3 

1. ATVnVTANIA, Linnaeus, 
1. A* latifolia, L. Stems square: leaves opposite, eared at base, slender* 

2. ROTALA, KcBhne. 
1. R. raznosior, Kan. Capsule not bursting irregularly. 

3. LYTHRTJM, Linnaeus. 

1. L. hyssopifolia, L Petals very small: stamens usually 4 to 6, included* 

2. L. album, HBK. Calyx 3 or 4 lines long. 

3. I*. Calif ornicum, Watson. Calyx 6 to 9 lines long: rose-purple petals longer 

HALORAGE^:. 

Leaves linear or broader in whorls of 4 to 12: flowers sessile, axillary •••»..«... 1 

Leaves in whorls of 3 or 4, mostly pinnate, segments Aliform: flowers axillary • 2 

1. HIPPTJRIS, Linnaeus. 
1. EL vulgaris, L. Style Aliform, stamen 1: calyx globular, limb entire. In ponds, 

2. MYRIOPHYLLXJM, Linnams. 

1. M. epicatuxn; L. Stamens 8: flowers spicate: petals ovate, greenish. 

2. M. hippurioides, Nutt. Stamens 4: petals white, obovate: toothed bracts 3 to 5 
lines long. Both species aquatic. 

ONAGRACEJ!. 

Calyx divided to the ovary, lobes persistent : aquatic or creeping marsh herbs: solitary flower* 

in axils of entire leaves. 
Petals 4 to 6, yellow: stamens 8 to 12: leaves alternate 1 



ONAGRACKJB. 125 

Petals none or 4, reddish: stamens 4: leaves opposite ..•••*. 8 

• * Calyx deciduous above the ovary: parts of the flowers in f». 
t Anthers versatile (attached near the middle to the filament). 
a. Seeds with a tuft of silky hairs, stamens 8: lower leaves often opposite, 

CaJyx-trube long-funnelform above the ovary, scarlet: petals 2-lobed 8 

Calyx-limb 4-parteJ: anthers elliptical or roundish 4 

& Seeds not tufted with hairs: leaves all alternate: calyx-lobes reflexed. 
Calyx divided nearly or quite to the ovary: anthers of two forms (or only 4). 

Leaves entire: small or minute flowers: capsules not an inch long 6 

Leaves pinnatifidly lobed: capsules 3 or * inches long 6 

Calyx forming a cup or tube (often long and slender) above the ovary 7 

t t Anthers erect, attached at or near the base to the filaments; those opposite the petals 
shorter or sterile f rarely wanting: calyx-lobes reflexed, except in No. 11: annuals. 

Calyx-tube obconical above the ovary: petals not long-clawed 8 

petals long-clawed 9 

Calyx- tube filiform above the ovary: petals long-clawed, lobed 10 

Calyx-lobes erect: petals not clawed, 2-lobed: stigma lobes short 11 

Calyx-lobes spreading: petals clawed, entire: stigma discoid, entire 12 

• * * Minute white flowers in bractless racemes, the parts in 2's 13 

1. JUSSL2EA, Linnaeus, 
1. J. repens, L. Stems a foot or more long, rooting at base: style stout, hairy. 
Var. Oalifornics, Watson. Smaller flowers 6 to 8 lines broad; style slender, glabrous, 

2. LUDWIGIA, Linnaeus, 
1. L. palustris, Ellis. Smooth, creeping or floating: flowers sessile: capsule small. 

3. ZATJSCHNERIA, Presl. 
I. Z. Oalifornica, PresL Villous or tomentose: calyx 10-16 lines long above ovary. 

4. EPrLOBITJM, Linnaeus. 

• Flowers large: stamens and style declined: stigma lobes finally spreading or recurved: 

perennial. 

Stem erect, simple: petals clawed, obovate, lilac-purple 1, 2 

8tem decumbent, 5 to 3 inches long: leaves opposite, glaucous 3 

Flowers yellow 4 

* • Flowers small, parts all erect: stigma club-shaped or cylindrical 

Perennial: petioles present but short: in wet places: not alpine 5, 6 

Perennial: stems with 2 pubescent lines: leaves mostly opposite: alpino 7, 8 

PerenniaJ j leaves sessile: hoary or glaucous: leaves mostly opposite: not alpine. 9, 10, 11 



126 



ONAGRACEiE. 



Annual: stems round: leaves mostly alternate: petals obcordate 12, 13, 14 

1. B. spicatum, Lam. Simple stem often 5 or 6 ft. high: flowers spicate. 

2. E. latifolium, Linn. Shorter, less erect, often branching: style glabrous. 

3. E. obcordatum, Gr. Petals obcordate, spreading, rose-color. Alpine. 

4. E. luteum, Pursh. Oregon to Alaska. 

5. E. Watsoni, Barbey. Hoary-pubescent, branching: petals narrow, obcordate. 

6. E. coloratura, Muhl. Erect, branched, puberulent: leaves mostly opposite. 

7. E. alpinum, L. Creeping, 2 to 6 inches high: flower-buds ovoid: anthers globose, 

8. E. origanifolium, Lane. Taller: large petals obcordate, purple to white. 

9. E. Franciscanum, Barb. Stems 2 to 4 ridged: petals purple, emargiuate. 

10. E. brevistylum, Barb. Similar: petals smaller, obcordate, pinkish. S. N. Mts. 

11. E. glaberimum, Barb. Glaucous: leaves connected at base: petals notched. 

12. E. paniculatum, Nutt. Often tall, very slender: leaves slender, often fascicled. 

13. E. jocundum, Gr. Similar: panicles crowded: petals larger, 6 lines long, deep 
purple. 

14. E. minutum, LindL Less than a ft. high: petals minute. 

5. GAYOPHYTXJM, A. Jussieu. 

1. G. ramosissixnum, T. & G. Diffuse, 6 to 18 inches high: capsule 3-5-seeded. 

2. G. racemosum, T. & G. Less branched, more flowers, capsule 8 to 10 lines long. 

3. G. pumilum, Watson* Smaller: capsule 6* lines long, the many seeds oblique. 

4. G. difftisum, T. & G. Flowers 1£ to 3 lines broad, usually pink: capsules on 
pedicels. 

6. EULOBUS, Nuttall. 

1. E. Calif ornicua, Nutt Stout, 1 to 3 ft. high: petals 4 or 5 lines broad, yellow, 

7. OENOTHERA, Linnaeus. 

§ Calyx-tube much prolonged beyond the ovary: stigma-lobes slender* 

Tall: flowers yellow, erect in bud: seeds in 2 rows in each cell 1 

Stems white: flowers white or purplish, \\ or 2 inches broad: buds nedding ... .2, 3, 4 

Stemless: calyx-tube 2 to 4 inches long: capsule wing-angled 5 

§ 2. Calyx-tube filiform, stem-like above the ovary, stigma capitate: flowers yellow ', sessile 
on the top of a rootstock in the axils of radical leaves. 

Nearly glabrous: leaves lanceolate to ovate: perennial 6, 7 

Canescently villous: leaves linear: capsule 4-winged: annual 8 

§ 3. Calyx-tube obconic or short-funneljorm: stigma capitate: capsules narrow, sessile or 

nearly so, often contorted. 

Flowers axillary, yellow: capsule sharply 4-angled, usually contorted 9, 10, 11 

Flowers axillary, small, yellow: capsule obtusely angled, curved 12, 13 



ONAGRACE-E. 127 

] lowers small, in a nodding spike, white or rose-color: capsule contorted 14, 15 

1. CB. biennis, L. Stout, 1 to 5 ft. high: calyx-tube 1 to 2£ inches long. 
Var. gTandifiora, Lindl. Capsule hirsute: petals as long as calyx-tube.. 
Var. hirsutissixmis, Gr. Similar: ovary more hirsute. The common form. 

2. <E. albicaulis, Nutt. Erect, J to 4 ft. high: large leaves pinnatifid. 

3. CB. Calif ornica, Watson. Hoary, decumbent: ovary and calyx villous. 

4. CB. trichocalyx, Nutt. Stouter, more erect: capsule thicker at base. 

5. CB. triloba, Nutt. Nearly glabrous: petals J to 1J inches long. 

6. CB heterantha, Nutt. Petals 3 to 6 lines long: capsules ovoid-oblong. 
Var. taraxacifolia, Watson. Leaves lyrately pinnatifid: Sierra Nevada. 

7. CB. ovata, Nutt. Similar: capsule with obtuse angles. Coast Valleys. 

8. CB. graciliflora, H. & A. Petals obcoxdate, turning greenish, 3 to 5 lines long. 

9. CB. cheiranthifolia, Hornem. Prostrate or ascending: leaves thick. 
Var. suflruticosa, Watson. Woody at base, leafy. Both on sand near the sea. 

10. (E. bistorta, Nutt. Similar: petals 4 to 9 lines long, spot at base. 

11. (£. micrantha, Hornem. Flowers smaller: leaves thin, crimped. 

12. CB. dentata, Cav. Diffuse, very slender: leaves linear: capsule very slender. 

13. OE. strigulosa, T. & G. Similar: petals smaller, 1 or 2 lines long, reddening. 

14. CB. alyssoides, H. & A. Slender, canescent : calyx-lobes and petals 2 or 3 lines long. 

15. CS. gaurcenora, T. & G. Glabrous: bark loose, white: capsule tapering upward. 

8. GODETIA, Spach. 

• Flowers in strict mostly close spikes: stems leafy: capsule ovoid to oblong. 

t Capsule not ribbed: seeds in 2 rows in the cell: stems simple or few branched. 

Calyx-tube broadly obconical, 4 to 6 lines long: petals 1 or 2 inches long 1 

Calyx-tube 2 or 3 lines long, deep-purple 2 

+ + Capsule with at least alternate sides 2 -ribbed: seeds in 1 row in each ceU: stems often much 
branched: canescently puberulent. 

Capsule 5 to 8 lines long tapering from the base 3 

Capsule 3 to 6 lines long, oblong, short-hairy 4 

* # Flowers mostly scattered in a simple spike or raceme and nodding in the bud: capsule 
linear; seeds in 1 row: stems slender: leaves few. 

Capsules sessile, more or less distinctly ribbed « 5 to 9 

Capsules on pedicels, not ribbed: stigmas mostly yellow 10 to 13 

1. G. grandinora, lindl. Stout: spike leafy: petals often with a spot. N. W. CaL 

2. G. purpurea, Watson. Ovary densely villous: style short: stigma-lobes purple, 

3. Or. lepida, Lindl. Stem shining white: petals rose-color with a spot above. 
Var. parvinora, Watson. Petals smaller, J-§ in. long: leaves J-l in. long. 
Var. Arnottii, Watson. Nearly glabrous: leaves longer, acute: capsule glabrous, 

4. G. albescens, Lindl. Flowers small, in many spikelets: petals purple-blue. 

5. G. Williamsoni, Watson. Petals yellowish at base, purple spot in center. Gal, 



6. 


a. 


7. 


a. 


8. 


G. 


9. 


a. 


10. 


a. 


11. 


G. 


12. 


G. 


13. 


G. 


14. 


G. 


1. 


a 


2. 


c. 


3. 


c. 


4. 


0. 


1. 


E. 


2. 


E, 



128 ONAGRACE.E. 

quadrivulnera, Spach. Petals purple, |-J * n - long: stigma-lobes purple. Coast 
tenella, Watson. Petals similar: style short: capsule scarcely ribbed. Coast, 
viminea, Spach. Similar to 7: petals like 6 (or all purple) but larger. 
Romanzovii, Spach. Ovary silky: 4 of the anthers nearly sessile: style short. 

amoena, Lilja. Petals (and purple anthers) often villous, rose-color to white. 

Bott®, Spach. Petals light purple: stigma yellow or purple. Monterey, S. 

epilobioides, Watson. Petals purple to white, £-£ in. long: calyx-tube short. 

hispid ula, Watson. Hispid; often 1 -flowered: 8-10 in. high. Cent. Cal. 

biloba, Watson. A span to 4 ft. high: petals 2-lobed: rose-purple. Cent. CaL 

9. CLARKTA, Pursh. 
pulchella, Pursh. Petals 3-lobed; claw 2-toothed: only 4 perfect stamens. Or, 
Xantiana, Gr. Petals 2-lobed, with a tooth between; claw short. S. CaL 
elegans, Dougl. Petals entire; claw long, slender, naked: capsule hairy. Cal. 
rhomboidea, Dougl. Petals entire; claw short, broad, often toothed. 

10. EUCHABIDIXTM, Fischer & Meyer, 
concinnum, F. & M. Petals 3-lobed: filaments slender: capsule 6 to 9 lines long. 
Breweri, Gr. Petals deeply 2-lobed, with a tooth between: calyx-tube longer. 

11. BOISDTJVALIA, Spach. 

Canescently pubescent and more or less villous • • 1, 2 

Glabrous or slightly pubescent: loosely spicate 3, 4 

1. B. densiflora, Watson. Leafy spikes dense: petals 3-6 lines long. 

2. B. Torreyi, Watson. Floral leaves like the others: petals 1 or 2 lines long. Or. S. 

3. B. glabella, Walp. Similar: petals smaller: seeds a line long. Or. & Wash. 

4. B. cleistogama, Curran. Capsules curved outward: seeds numerous, minute, 

12. HETEROGAXJRA, Rothrock. 
1. H. Califomica, Rothr, Petals spatulate, 2 lines long: fruit obovoid, nut-like, CaL 

14. CIRC2&A, Linnffius. 
1. 0. Paciflca, A. & M. Leaves ovate to cordate, opposite: ovary ovoid, hairy* Woods. 



L0ASACEJ1. 

1. MENTZELIA, Linnaeus, 

Leaves mostly sinuate- toothed: petals 1 to 3 lines long 1» 2 

Leaves mostly pinnatifid, lanceolate: petals 3 to 8 lines long. 8, 4 



2. 


M, 


3. 


M. 


4. 


M. 


5. 


M. 


6. 


M. 



CUCURBITACE^. 229 

Leaves pectinately pinnatifid to sinuate-toothed: petals 1 to 2£ inches long 5, 6 

I. M. dispersa, Watson. Only upper leaves ovate: seeds J line long. 

micrantha, T. & G. Leaves ovate, 1 inch long or less: seeds a line long. 

congests, T. & G. Bracts membranous at base: petals 3 to 6 lines long. 

gTacilenta, T. & G. Petals obovate to oblanceolate, 4 to 8 lines long. 

Lin die yi, T. & G. Leaves ovate or narrower: petals ovate. Cent CaL 

laevicaulia, T. & G. Stout: leaves 2 to 8 inches long: petals 2 to 2 J inches long. 



CUCUMJITAeEJL 

Flowers all solitary, Large, yellow: seeds flat .„ •••••••••• 1 

Flowers small, white; the sterile racemose: seeds turgid • Q 

1. CXJCTJBBITA, Linnaeus. 
" 1. 0. perennis, Gr. Leaves 6-12 in. long: flowers 3 and 4 in. long, fragrant. 

2. 0. palmata, Watson. Leaves 2-3 in. long, 5-cleft: calyx-tube an inch long. 

3. 0. California a, Torr. Flowers an inch long or more; calyx 4 or 5 lines long, 

2. BLEGARRHIZA, Torrey. 

1. M. Callfornica, Torr. Fruit globose or ovoid: seeds 4, 8-12 lines long. 

2. M. macrocarpa. Fruit ovoid oblong, 14-seeded. Santa Barbara, south. 

3. M. Marah, Watson. Fruit 4 in. long: seeds suborbicular, flattened. 

4. M. Oregana, Torr. Fruit scarcely or not at all armed with spines. Or. -Wash* 

5. M, muricata, Watson. Fruit globose, an inch long, 2-seeded, mostly naked. 

Perhaps this genus should be united with EchinocystUy which has flat seeds. 

The second •peoies Is deseribtd b j E L. Greene under the name Echinocystis maomoarpa. 



DATISCACE3). 

1. DATISCA, LinnaMM. 
L IX glomatftta, B. & H. Dioecious or perfect flowers in leafy sp&ea, greenish. 



CACTACE.E. 

Oval or cylindrical plants, covered with spine-bearing tubercles 1 

Depressed-globose plants with tuberculate ribs and woolly at top: spines stout, ringed 2 

Cylindrical ribbed stems branching, 2 to 4 ft. high: spines numerous. 3 

Stems made up of flattened or cylindrical joints: spines barbed 4 

9 



ISO FJCOIDE2R. 

1. MAMTLLABIA, Haworthu 
L 21 Goodridgii, Soheer. Petals about 8, ovate, awned, dull yellowish. 8. Oal 

2. ECHINOCACTTTS, Link & Otto. 
L K. viridescena, Nutt Sepals and petals numerous, greenish; fruit scaly. 6L OaL 

3. CERETTS, Haworth. 
1. 0. Emoryi, Engelm. Flowers greenish yellow: fruit subglobose, spiny. 8. CaL 

4. OPTTNTIA, Tournefort. 

Joints much flattened, obovate: fruit juicy ■ *.........►.. 1, 8 

Joints cylindrical: fruit green, fleshy: flowers red # . 8 

1. O. Engelmanni, Salm. Flowers yellow, 3 inches long. Santa Barbara, 8. 

2. O. Ficus-Indica, Mill. Fruit delicious. The Prickly Pear. 

3. O. prolifera, Engelm. Tree-like with spiny tubercles. San Diego. 



FICOIDEJE. 

Ovary inferior: petals and stamens numerous: very fleshy... ••«•••••*••••••«••«••••• 1 

Ovary superior: petals none: leaves opposite or whorled. 

Calyx-lobes 5, petalbid: stamens many: succulent. ....••••..••••.....•.••..• 2 
Sepals 5, greenish: stamens 3 to 10: styles 3: not succulent. 8 

1. HESEMBBYANTHE1SIUM, Linnaeus. 

1. M. eeqirilaterale, Haworth. Leaves equally 3-sided, very thick, opposite. 

2. Me coccineuxn, Haw. Leaves semi-cylindrical, a line broad. 

3. M. crystal linnm, L. Leaves flat, covered with glistening papilla). 

2. SESuviuM, Linnaeus. 
I. 8. Portulacastrom, L. Calyx 3 to 5 lines long, more or less purplish. 

8. MOLLTJGO, L. 
I. Iff. vertidllata, L. Slender: leaves spatulate: flowers fascicled, Axillary. 



UJIBELLIFEILE. 

Harbe with anally hollow stems, sheathing petioles and small flowers in fdmple or 



OORXACEJS. 



131 



compound: umbel*; the inferior ovary surmounted by a disk which bean petals and ft 
otamens: itylea 2. The plants of this order are not here described. . 



CORNACEiE. 

Flowers in cymes or heads: petals 4: style 1: ovary 2-celledL ••••••• 1 

Flowers dioecious, in drooping blue-gray catkins: petals none: styles 2. •• •»••••••••••• 9 

1* CORNTJS, Linnasus. 

Flowers in a head with involucre of 4 to 6 large white petaloid bracts. 1, 9 

Flowers yellowish in sessile umbels appearing before the leaves: bracts 4 8 

Flowers white or cream-color in many -flowered cymes • 4 to 7 

1. C. Canadensis, L. Herbaceous, 3 to 8 inches high: leaves in a whorl at top. 

2. C. Nuttallii, Audubon. A tree: involucre often tinged with red. (Dogwood,) 

3. C. sessilis, Torr. Bark green: leaves pale and silky beneath: pedicels silky. 

4. 0. Calif ornica, C. A. Meyer. Branches purplish: leaves ovate: cyme round -topp'd, 

5. C. pubescens, Nutt. Similar: leaves rarely ovate: cyme larger: fruit white. 

6. C. glabrata, Benth. Bark gray: leaves acute at each end: cymes small, flat. 

7. 0. Torreyi, Watson. Leaves ovate or narrower, acute: cyme loose: fruit white. 

2. GARBYA, Douglas. 

Leaves undulate, base obtuse, tomentose beneath • 1 

Leaves not undulate, acute at each end 2, 8 

1. G. elliptic a, Dougl. Sterile aments 2 to 5 inches long, often clustered. 

2. G. Fremont i, Torr. Petioles 4 to 6 lines long: aments solitary, 2 or 3 inches long. 

3. G. buxifolia, Gr. Smaller, 2 to 5 ft, high: leaves 1 to 1J inches long, silky beneath. 



DIVISION II.— GAMOPETAL^E. 
CAPRIFOLIACEJ!. 

§ 1. Corolla regular, rotaU: style short; stigmas 3 to 5: flowers in cymes, 

Shrub or tree: young stems thick, pith large: leaves pinnate •••••• 1 

Slender shrub: leaves simple: fruit a drupe: seeds flat ...••••,£ 

§ 2. Corolla tubular and irregular or campanula**: stigma 1, capitate. 
A creeping herb with pendulous flowers in pairs. • • • • • 8 



139 CAPRIFOLIACEA. 

Slender shrubs with small pinkish regular flowers: berries white. 4 

Shrubby climbers or erect shrubs with irregular tubular flowers •••• 6 

1. SAMBTJCUS, Tournefort. 

Cymes round-topped; pith of year-old shoots yellow-brown 1, 2 

Cymes flat-topped, 1-sided: pith white: berries black 8, 4 

1. S. racemosa, L. Cymes ovoid or oblong: flowers dull white: berries scarlet. 

2. S. melanocarpa, Gr. Cymes broader: flowers white: fruit black, no bloom. 

3. S. glauca, Nutt. Leaves smooth: fruit black with a white bloom. (Elderberry, 

4. S. Mexicana, PresL Leaves and long shoots hairy: fruit black, no bloom. 

2. VIBURNUM, Linnaeus. 

Drupes light red, globose, acid: leaves all or some of them lobed. 1, 2 

Drupes bluish-black, flattened, elliptical : leaves not lobed • • 8 

1. V. opulus, L. Cymes on several-leaved branches. Or. & Wash., E. & N. 

2. V. pauciflorum, Pylaie. Cymes on short 2-leaved branches. Wash.* N. & E. 

3. V. ellipticum, Hooker. Leaves 3-5-ribbed: corolla 4 or 5 lines broad N. CaL, N. 

3. LINN.3BA, Gronovius. 
1. L. borealis, Gronov. Corolla funnelform, 4 or 5 lines long: stamens & 

4. SYMPHORICARPOS, Dillenlus. 

Corolla broadly campanulate, 2 or 3 lines long .*..«. 1, 2 

Corolla narrowly campanulate, 3 to 6 lines long ••»••• 8, 4 

1. S. racemosus, Michx. Smooth: corolla hairy, narrow at base. 

2. S. mollis, Nutt. Mostly soft-hairy, diffuse: corolla broad at base. 

3. S. rotundifolius, Gr. Leaves orbicular to elliptical, 6 to 9 lines long. 

4. S. oreophylus, Gr. Corolla 4 to 6 lines long, scarcely hairy: nutlets sharp. 

5. LONICEBA, Linnaeus. 

Erect shrubs: flowers in axillary pairs on a single peduncle. 

Ovaries f or wholly united to form a single berry: bracts subulate . . . . 1,2 

Ovaries distinct or nearly so: corolla saccate at base, yellowish 8, 4 

Woody climbers: flowers sessile, clustered: upper leaves often united 5, 6 

1. L. CSBrulea, L. Only 1 or 2 ft. high: leaves pale: corolla yellowish or purplish. 

2. L. conjugialis, Kellogg. Corolla dull purple, bilabiate, 4 or 5 lines long. 

3. L. Utahensis, Watson, Bracts small: berries red: peduncles short. 

4. L. involucrata, Banks. Bracts large, becoming red: berries purple black. 
6. L. ciliosa, Poir. Corolla an inch long, yellow to crimson-scarlet. 

5. Ii. hispidula, DougL Corolla 6 lines long, the lobes half as long: variably 



tLVBlACKX. 133 

RUBIACE^. 

A shrub with opposite or whorled leaves: flowers in globular heads. 1 

Herb with opposite leaves: flower parts in 4's (rarely 3's or 5's): fruit bristly 9 

Herbs with whorled leaves: stems square: flowers 3-4-merous: fruit biglobular, ••••••« S 

1. CEPHALANTHUS, Linnaeus. 
L 0. oecidentalia, L. Corolla narrow funnelform, white, 4-lobed. (Button-bush. ) 

2. KELLOGGIA, Torrey. 
L X. galioides, Torr. Corolla funnelform, 3 or 4 lines long, pinkish or white. 

3. GALIUM, Linnaeus. 

Fruit dry. leaves all in 4's, or the upper in pairs , 2, 3, 4, 8, 

leaves mostly in 6's (some in 4's, 5's or 8's) 1, 5, 6, 7 

Fruit juicy: perennials with leaves in 4's 10 to 14 

1. G. Aparine, L. Ketrorsely hispid: leaves in 6's and 8's: fruit erect 

2. G. bifolium, Watson. Smooth: alternate leaves shorter: peduncles solitary. 

3. G. Kamtschaticum, Steller. Leaves orbicular to oblong-ovate, 3-nerved. 

4. G. boreale, L. Leaves narjow, 3-nerved: flowers white in terminal panicles. 

5. G. trifldum, L. Leaves slender, obtuse, 4 to 7 lines long: flower parts often in 3'a, 

6. G. asperrimum, Gr. Leaves lanceolate, 6 to 12 lines long, cymes dichotomous. 

7. G. triflomm, Michx. Sweet scented: corolla greenish or yellowish: cymes 3-rayed. 

8. G. angustifolium, Nutt. Smooth, woody at base, rigid: fruit long-bristly. 

9. G. xnultiflorum, Kellogg. Tufted, a foot high or less: leaves ovate. 

10. G. pubens, Gr. Grayish, much branched: leaves broad, 6 lines long or less* 

11. G. Californicum, H. & A. Similar: leaves hispid -cilia te. Coast Range. 

12. G. Nuttallii, Gr. Tall, mostly smooth: leaves small, oval or narrower* 

13. G. Bolanderi, Gr. Mostly smooth: corolla dull purple: berry white, 

14. G. Andrewsii, Gr. Matted tufts 2 to 4 inches high, leaves crowded, narrow! 
shining, sharp. 

YALERIANACE.E. 

Calyx-limb of plume- like lobes, inrolled until fruiting: leaves lobed or parted.* >..•** . 1 
Calyx-limb none: flowers in dense terminal clusters: leaves simple •• 8 

1. VALERIANA, Tournefort. 

1. ▼. sylvatica, Banks. Stem leaves 3-11-foliolate: corolla 2 or 3 lines long. 

2. V. Sitcheaflis, Bong. Mor* robust: stem leaves 3-5-folioIate: corolla larger. 



1. 


V. 


2. 


V. 


3, 


V. 


4. 


V. 


ft. 


V. 



134 LOBELIACEJE. 

2. VALERIANELLA, Tournefort. 
macrocera, Gr. Corolla 1 or 2 lines long, nearly regular, white or pinkish, 
congests, Lindl. Stouter: corolla mostly 3 or 4 lines long, bilabiate limb, 
anomala, Gr. Freely branching: corolla a line long, spurless. 
aphanoptera, Gr. Slender: corolla a line long, bilabiate, spur short* 
samolifolia, Gr. Similar: fruit wingless, buckwheat-like. 



DIPSACACE.B. 

1. DIPSAOUS, Tournefort. 
IX ftlTlOTmm, I* Stiff leaves united in pairs: fruit oval, scales hooked. Nat 



COMPOSITE 

Sunflowers, marigolds, thistles and dandelions are types of the conspicuous plants 
in this order. It would be difficult for the beginner to determine the species in this 
Older; henoe it is omitted. 



LOBELIACE.E. 

Ovary nearly superior: anthers distinct: branches zigzag: leaves minute*. *•—♦, •«•«•• 1 
Ovary inferior: anthers united: flowers blue or red. 

Corolla red, an inch long: adnate calyx-tube hemispherical. % 9 

Corolla blue, rarely purple, often with white or yellow on lower lip. 

Ovary top-shaped: corolla-tube 6 to 9 lines long, hairy inside 8 

Ovary obconical to club-shaped: peduncles long «•••«•••• 4 

Ovary slender, stalk-like, sessile often twisted •••••«••»• ••• 6 

1. NEMACLADUS, NuttalL 
1> S*. ramosiagimnfl, Nuti Corolla a line long: unequal calyx-lobes, exceeding 

capsule. 
8. N. langjflorna, Gr. Corolla 3 lines long: equal calyx-lobes shorter than capeule, 

3. LOBELIA, Linnaeus. 
L I* splandeas, WillcL Simple stem 2 or 3 ft. high, ending in naked raceme. 



LOBELIACKfi. 1<*"> 

8. PALMERELLA, Gray. 
L P. deWlU, Or. Stems very leafy, 1 or 2 ft. high, ending in leafjsbracted raoomo. 

4. I^AURENTIA, Micheli. 
L I** camoffula, Benth. Booting in mud, 1 to 5 inches high* leaves entire. 

6. DOWNINGIA, Torrey. 
L D. elegans, Torr. Often 9 to 12 inches high: leaves slender: corolla Ibbse with 

white and yellow spot on lower lip like the following: 
2. D. pulchella, Torr. Lower corolla lip broader than long. 
ft. D. bicornuta, Or. Corolla lip with a pair of hollow appendages at 1 
4. IX concolor, Greene. Slender, diffuse: corolla blue throughout. 



CASlPANULACEiE 

Capsule club-shaped, crowned with the rigid calyx-lobes, opening on* top. •••••• 1 

Capsule oblong, opening by 2 or 3 holes in the sides: seeds flattened. . ••«• 8 

Capsule short, opening as in No. 2: flowers all with corolla: calyx-lobes standoff. ••»«•• 8 
Capsule obpyramidal, bursting indefinitely: calyx-lobes ovate, toothed.. •••»••» 4 

1. GITHOPSIS, NuttalL 
1. G. speculaxioidea, Nutt. Leaves small, coarsely toothed: flowers all alike. 

2. SPECTJLARIA, Heister. 

1. S. biflora, Gr. Leaves ovate to lanceolate: lower flowers apotalous, w»palo 3 o? 4 

2. 8. perfoliate, A. DC. Stouter: leaves round, cordate-clasping: lower flowerssimilar* 

3. CAMPANULA, Tournef ort. 

Annual: flowers erect; calyx-lobes connivent about the style in fruit, 1 

Perennials: calyx-lobes not connivent in fruit: corolla deeply lobed. 

Style not longer than the corolla 2, 8, 4 

Style filiform, exceeding the corolla: leaves sharply serrate 4, 6, 6 

1. 0. exigua, Rattan, Branching and flowering from base, 2 to 8 inches high. 

2. 0. scabrella, Engelm. Whitened with short hairs, flowers erect, 5 6 lines long, 
8. 0. rotund i folia, L. Stem leaves linear: corolla bright blue, 6 to 12 lines long. 

4. C. linnseifolia, Gr. Leaves broad, obtuse, crenately serrate: corolla light blue. 
6. 0. Scouleri, Hooker. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, short petioled: pedicels long. 
& O. prenanthoides, Durand. Leaves mostly sessile: flowers often clustered: pedi* 
eels short 



136 ERIC ACE JL 

4. HETEROCODON, NuttalL 
L. H. rarifiorum, Nutt. Stems filiform: leaves orbicular, toothed, sraaJL 



EMCACE.E. 

Suborder I. VACCINIXL3. 
Shrubs (come low and herbaceous): ovary inferior becoming an edible berry.*.. •*••••*! 

Suborder II. ERXCENTE-ffi 
Shrubs or trees: calyx free, usually small: corolla gamopetalous (except 11, 12). 
• Fruit berry -like or fleshy: flowers drooping: corolla ovoid to campanula^ with small lobem 
stamens 8 or 10 included', baric shedding from at least the branches: leaves evergreen, 
coriaceous. 

Tree : flowers in large panicles : orange-red berries many seeded . ...• ...•% 2 

Shrubs: flowers in small racemes: fleshy fruit, 1-10 seeded 3 

Shrubs, low or prostrate: flowers axillary: berries black or red *~ 4 

** Fruit, a dry, many-seeded capsule: flowers nodding: anthers awn-tipped. 

Shrub, 3 or 4 ft. high: oblong leaves 1 to 3 inches long 5 

Shrub, a foot high or less: small scale-like leaves in 4 ranks »•>••«• 6 

• • • Fruit a dry capsule, splitting between the cells: anthers not aumed. 
t Corolla gamopetalous. 
Low Alpine evergreen; leaves revolute: flowers umbellate or corymbose: 

Leaves linear, crowded corolla not pouched ^. .. . 7 

Leaves oblong, opposite; corolla 10-ribbed, from 10 depressed pouches..-*..... 8 
Not alpine: leaves crowded at the ends of branches, entire. 

Corolla usually 4-toothed. ovoid to cylindrical, dull purple^.. ^ ... -^*.~~. . — ^_ 9 

Corolla usually 5-lobed, limb spreading, white to rose • — ••... ~ . . «^«- . 10 

1 1 Corolla polypetalotts or nearly so. 

Flowers in corymbs or umbels, erect, white, cherry -like ...,»•».... 11 

Flowers solitary, nodding, reddish -..-. ++ •*•«.«• 12 



Suborder III. PYBOT/R7R. 

Perennials, herbaceous or slightly woody with smooth evergreen leaves (except one species 
in No. 15): flowers nodding, polypetalous; petals broad: ovary superior: stamens 10: 
anthers in bud extrorse, at length by inversion introrse with 2-horned base above. 

Flowers umbellate or solitary on a leafy woody stem 18 

Flowers solitary on a short scape: petals spreading 14 

Flowers in a raceme on a scape; petals concave, incurved 15 



• • • 



ERICACEiE. 137 

Suborder IV. MONOTROPE-B. 
Herbs, parasitic upon roots: stems juicy, scaly- bracted, not green. 

Stem striped, red or purple and white: sepals and bracts white, -.....,.. 16 

8tem brown-red or purplish-red, clammy, hairy 17 

Stem very thick; entire plant bright red 18 

Stem white, tawny or reddish, fleshy; 19 and 20 polypetalous. 

Sepals 2 to 5, bract-like: petals 3 to 6, concave at base: style tubular 19 

Sepals and petals 4 or 5 each, lacerate-fringed, flat • • 20 

Sepals 2 or 4, petals united; filaments and style hairy. . , , , , 21 

1. VAOCINTUM, Linnaus, 

• Corolla ovoid or globose, b~5-toothed\ filaments smooth) anthers t-awned on ike back 

included] leaver deciduous. 

Flowers often 2 to 4 together; corolla usually 4-toothed, leaves entire 1, 2 

Flowers solitary, axillary: corolla usually 5- toothed: calyx not deeply lobed. 

Usually less than a foot high; leaves serrate 3, 4 

Usually several (1 to 12) ft. high; branches spreading 5, 6, 7 

Corolla obovoid or campanulatc, 5-toothed: leaves evergreen, 8 

Corolla deeply ^-parted, lobes reflexed, pale rose-color ■: leaves evergreen 9 

1. V. uligfnosum, From a span to 3 or 4 ft. high: leaves thick and veiny. 

2. V. occidentale, Gr. Leaves thinner, less veiny: flowers mostly solitary. 

3. V. ca9spitosum, Michx. Branches not angled: berries blue. Very variable. 

4. V. Myrtillus, L. var. microphyllum, Hooker. Branches sharply angled 

5. V. myrtilloides, Hooker. Branchleta slightly angled: leaves serrulate, veiny. 

6. V. ovalifolium, Smith. Smooth, 4 to 12 ft high; branchlets angled. 

7. V. parvifolium, Smith. Smooth; branchlets green, jointed, sharply angled. 

8. V. ovatum, Pursh. Rigid; leaves ovate or narrower, serrate: flowers clustered. 

9. V. oxycoccus, L. var. intermedium, Gr. Trailing, slender: flowers umbellate. 

2. ARBUTUS, Tournefort. 

1. A. Memdesii, Punk. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long; corolla white, broad-ovoid. 

8. ABCTOSTAPHYLOS, Adanaon. 
a. Seeds not united or easily separable. 

Low or creeping, rising only a foot cr two: flowers 1 or 2 lines long. 

Trailing or creeping, green, no bristly hairs, ovary and fruit glabrous. . 1, 2 

Erect: leaves mostly not an inch long: flowers more numerous 3, 4, 6 

Erect, 3-20 ft. high: flowers 3-4 lines long: fruit 4-5 lines thick 6, 7, 8 

K Seeds united into a solid woody or bony stone 9 to 12 

I, A. TJva-ursi, Spreng. Leaves oblong-spatulate, retuse, tapering to petiole. 



138 ERICACEJK. 

2. A. Nevadeusis, Or. Leaves obovate or narrower, cuspidate-mucronate, obtuse %t 

base. 

3. A. pmnila, Nutt. Tomentulose, pale leaves oblong-obovate obtuse or retuse. 

4. A. Hookeri, Don. Diffuse: leaves green, ovate or oval, cuspidate or acuminate. 

5. A. nummularis, Gr. Very leafy: leaves mostly broadly oval, ends rounded. 

6. A. Andersoni, Gr. Leaves thin, bright green, base sagittate or cordate. 

7. A. tomentosa, Dougl. Branchlets bristly: leaves pale, ovate or narrower. 

8. A, pungens, HBK. Leaves rigid, oblong lanceolate to round-ovate, entire. 
Var. platyphylla, Gr. Leaves paler, broader, 1 or 2 inches long; not cuspidate, 

9. A. glauca, Lindl. Larger (8 to 24 ft. high): fruit larger: glabrous branchlets. 

10. A. bicolor, Gr. Leaves tomentose beneath: flowers rose-color 3 or 4 lines long. 

11. A. Clevelandii, Gr. More hairy; leaves narrower, sessile, acuminate. 

12. A. polifolia, HBK. Leaves linear-lanceolate: fruit rough, purple. 

4. GATJLTHERIA, Linnaeus. 

Flowers in slender but stiff, often branching, bracteate, viscid racemes 1 

Flowers axillary, solitary; filaments glabrous; anthers not awned 9, 8 

1. G. Shallon, Pursh. Spreading, 1 to 4 ft. high; leaves 2 to 4 inches long; serrulate. 

2. G. Myrsinites, Hooker. Spreading in tufts: leaves oval or orbicular £ inch long. 

3. G. ovatifolia, Gr. Larger: leaves broadly ovate to subcordate. Or. N. 

5. LTJCOTHOE, Don. 
1. X*. Da visa*. Torr. Flowers in terminal, often clustered racemes, white, flLN. Mt& 

6. CASSIOPE, Don. 

1. C. Mertemnano, Don. Leaves keeled, not furrowed on back, 1J-2 lines long. 

2, 0. tetragona, Don. Leaves thick, deeply furrowed on back, often pubescent* 
8. 0. lycopodioides, Don. Stems creeping filiform: leaves barely a line long. 

. 7. BRYANTHTJS, Steller. 

1. B. Breweri, Gr. Corolla rose-purple, 5-cleft to the middle, 4-5 lines broad. 

2. B. empetrifonnis, Gr. Corolla smaller slightly lobed: stamens included. 

8. KAT/MTA, Linnaeus. 
1. X. glauca, Ait Leaves glaucous, white beneath: flowers saucer-shaped, Alpine* 

9. MENZLESIA, Smith. 

1. EL glabella* Gr. Leaves obovate, usually obtuse: filaments ciliate below. 

2. M. ferruginea, Sm. Leaves oblong or broadly oblanceolate, acute, rusty-hairy. 



ERICACRiR. 139 

10. RHODODENDRON, Linnaeus. 

Deciduous: flowers from lateral buds, nodding; corolla nearly rotate. . 1 1 

flowers from terminal bads; tube funnel-form; limb spreading. 9 

Evergreen: many-flowered corymbs terminal: corolla campanulate, lobes broad 3 

1. It. albiflonun, Hooker. Low: corolla white, 5-cleft: stamens included. 

2. H. occidentale, Gr. Taller: corolla white, viscid; stamens exserted. 

3. R. Calif ornicum, Hooker. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long: corolla rose-purple. 

11. LEDUM, Linnnus. 

1. L. latifolium, Ait. Leaves rusty-tomentose below, margins strongly revolute. 

2. L. glandule sum, Nutt. Leaves whitish beneath, resinous, scarcely revolute. 

12. CLADOTHAMNUS, Bongard. 
1, O. pyrclarfiorus, Bong, Tall, slender, smooth: sepals equaling the petals. 

13. CHIMAPHILA, Pursh. 

1. 0. Menziesii, Spreng. Leaves often mottled above: peduncle 1-3-nowered. 

2. 0. umbellata, Nutt. Taller (1 or 2 ft. high) leaves not spotted: flowers 4 to & 

14. MONESES, Salisbury. 

1. Iff. uniflora, Gr. Corolla white or rose -tinged, J- J in. broad. Cold bogs. 

15. PYROLA, Tournefort. 

Stamens connivent about the straight style, not declined: stigma peltate 1, 2 

Stamens and style bending downward then upward: style exserted. 

Corolla greenish white: calyx-lobes short 8, 4, 6 

Corolla rose-purple or purplish: scaly bracts large 5 

Leaves sometimes veined or splotched with white 5, 6 

Leaves wanting: scapes reddish: petals obovate, white 7 

1. P. minor, L. Leaves orbicular, an inch long or less: style short. 

2. P. secunda, L. Leaves ovate, 1 to 2 inches long: petals oblong: style long. 

3. P. chiorantha, Swartz. Leaves orbicular, 5 to 8 lines long: sepals obtuse. 

4. P. eliiptica, Nutt. Leaves 1J to 2J inches long, longer than the petioles. 

5. P. rotundifolia, L. Leaves orbicular or nearly so, shining above. Only the 
var. bracteata, Gr., found on this coast, which often has large white-banded leaves, 

6. P. picta, Smith. Leaves broadly ovate to narrow or spatulate, coriaceous. 
T. P. aphylla, Smith. Scapes a span to a foot high: bracts subulate. 

16. ALLOTBOPA, Torrey & Gray. 
1. A. virgata, T. & G. Thick and densely bracteate at base, ending in a long spike* 



140 ERICACEA. 

17. PTEBOSPOBA, NuttalL 
1. P. andromedea, Nutt, Pedicels slender, soon recurved: corolla globose, white. 

18. SABCODES, Torrey. 
1. ft. Banguinea, Torr. A span to a foot high: flowers erect on thiok pedicels. 

19. MONOTROPA, Linnams. 

1. M. uniflora, L. Smooth: mostly white, rarely flesh-color: single flower nodding. 

2. M. Hypopitys, L. Tawny or flesh -color: petals 4, except in terminal flower. 

3. M. flmbriata, Gr. Bracts and spatulate sepals lacerate-f ringed: petals mostly 3* 

20. PLEUBICOSPOBA, Gray. 
L P. flmbriolata, Gr, Brownish, stout: anthers opening lengthwise; ovary 1 -celled, 

21. NEWBEBBYA, Torrey. 
L N, congesta, Torr. Flowers capitate: corolla-tube longer than the lobes. 
% Ne spicata, Gr. Flowers spicate: corolla- tube broader, as long as the lobes. 



LENNOACE^. 

1. PHOLISMA, NuttalL 
h P. arenarium, Nutt. Brownish or reddish stems in clumps: spike 1 or 2 inches 
long: purplish: corolla exceeding the linear bracts and sepals. Monterey, S. 



PLOMBAGINACE.E. 

Petaloid calyx scarious, plicate: petals long clawed: styles filiform. 

Leaves oblong or spatulate: scapes branching paniculately: spikes 1 -sided...,. ...... •• 1 

Leaves grass-like: simple scapes bearing a globose head of purplish flowers. * , 2 

2. STATICE, Tournefort. 
1. ft. Limonima, L. var. Calif ornica, Gr. lavender flowers in compound spikaa 

3. ABMEBIA, Willdenow. 
L A, vulgaris, Willd. Short-pediceled flowers surrounded by scarious bracts, 



PRIMCLACEA 111 

PRIMULACE.E. 

Leaves all radical j nodding (lowers on a naked scape in a bracteate nmbel •••• 1 

Leaves radical or crowded on tnfted stems, cuneate-spatulate, 5-7-toothed at apex. • , • 9 

Leaves in a whorl at top of stem, bracts below: corolla rotate, rose to white. •••« 8 

Leaves all or mostly opposite: flowers axillary. 

Flowers small, yellowish, in close clusters; corolla rotate 4 

apetalous, solitary, purplish or white 5 

solitary: corolla rotate on slender pedicel. 6 

Leaves all or mostly alternate: flowers solitary, minute 7 

flowers in paniculate racemes, very small. 8 

1. DODECATHEON, Linnaeus. 

* Short filaments untied to form with the closely connivent anthers a dark colored beak sur* 

mounting the ihort corolla tube. 

Capsule obtuse, splitting at or from the apex into valves. 

Leaves from narrowly to broadly spatulate: capsule oblong or longer... . . . 1 

Leaves obovate or oval, short, base cuneate: capsule globular 2 

Capsule cylindraceous; apex not splitting, but coming off as a lid 8 

* * Short distinct filament* included in the corolla throat , only the anthers exserted: leaves 

oval or ovate to oblong, not tapering at base 4 

1. D. Jeffreyi, Moore. Often very large: capsule exceeding calyx. 

2. D. ellipticum, Nutt. Leaves J to 2 inches long: calyx minutely glandular. 

3. D. Henderson!, Gr. Like the last except the thin-walled exserted capsule. 

4. D. frigidum, C. & S. var. dentatum. Leaves commonly repand or dentate. 

2. FBOTUXA, Linnams. 

1. P. suflfrutescens, Gr. Scape 2 to 4 inches long: umbel of several red-purple 
flowers. 

8. TRIENTALIS, { Linnams. 
1. T. Europaea, L. Flowers on slender pedicels among the leaves. Our plante arej 
Var. latifolia, Torr., with leaves mostly acute, J to 4 inches long, and 
Var. arctica, Ledeb., with obtuse or retuse leaves an inch long or less. 

4. LYSIMACHIA, Tournefort 
1. I* thyrsiflora, L. Leaves lanceolate: small teeth between corolla lobes, 

5. GLAXJX, Tournefort. 
I. 0. niaritima, L. Succulent, pale green, 3 or 4 inches high, leafy. 



14 2 PRIMULACEJB. 

6. AN AG ALUS, Tournefort. 
L A. arvonais> L. Square stems: leaves ovate: corolla of ton salmon-purpla. 

7. CENTTJNCULUS, Dillenius. 
I, C. minimum L. Slender: corolla lobes acute, shorter than calys. 

8. SAMOLUS, Tournefort 
1, S. Valerandi, L^ var. Americanus, Gr. Corolla white, a line long or less. 



STYRACACEiB. 

I. STYXtAX, Tournefort. 
L S. Oalifornica, Torr. Shrub: spa tula te corolla lobes, 8 or 9 lines long* white. 



OLEACEJE. 

1. FBAXINTXS, Tournefort. 

1. F. dipetala, H. k A. Leaflets serrate: petals 2, white, 2 lines long. 

2. F. Oregana, Nutt. Leaflets mostly entire: flowers dioecious, apetalous. 

APOCYNACEJS. 

Flowers in terminal cymes : corolla campanulate, white or pinkish. • •••«»- •-**..« 1 

Flowers on scape-like peduncles: corolla short: funnelform, rose - purple. . * -»•••• 9 

1. APOCYNXJM, Tournefort. 

1. A. androsffimifolium, L. Spreading: leaves ovate: corolla 3 or 4 lines long. 

2. A. cannabinum, L. More strict: leaves narrower, nearly sessile: corolla smaller. 

2. CYCLAJDENIA, Bentham. 
1, C. humilis, Benin* Smooth, low: corolla 9 lines long, throat hairy: style long. 
Var. tomeatoaa, Gr. Densely hairy: leaves 2 or 3 pairs, 1 to 3 inches long. 

asclepiadacej:. 

Stem twining: anthers with scale-like appendages: corolla rotate •*-•*.» ««•«•». 1 

Stem erect: anthers with hooded or cup-like appendages: petals reflex e& 



GENTIANAC&fi. 143 

Hood* with horn-like process within ••••••••••• • •• 8 

Hoods cleft at the back (outside), hornless 8 

Hoods cleft on the inside, hornless ••••••••••••••••••••••••••4 

1. PHTLBERTIA, HBK. 

1. P. linearis, var. heterophylla, Gr. Corolla 6 lines broad, dull-colored. S. Cal 

2. ASCUEPIAS, Linnams. 

Corolla-lobes 4 or 6 lines long: hoods 5 or 6 lines long, back prolonged. ......... 1 

Corolla-lobes whitish, 3 lines long: hoods truncate; horns little exserted 2 

Corolla -lobes greenish, 3 or 4 lines long: hoods appendaged on sides 3 

Corolla-lobes whitish, ovate, 3 lines long 4 

Corolla-lobes greenish or pnrplish, 3 lines long: horns triangnlar, obtnse 6 

Corolla-lobes greenish or purplish, 2 lines long: horns slender, exserted 6 

1. A. speciosa, Torr. Stout, 2 to 5 ft. high: follicles with soft spines. 

2. A. Fremonti, Torr. A foot high or less: short- woolly: leaves obtuse. 

3. A. erosa, Torr. Leaves ovate or narrower, acuminate, margins scarious, 

4. A. eriocarpa, Benth. Densely woolly: leaves often in 3's, 4 to 8 inches long. 

6. A, vestita, H. & A. Dense white wool deciduous in age: leaves very acute ? long. 
«. A. Maxicana, Car. Smooth; slender leaves in whorls, 3 to 6 inches long. 

3. SCHIZNOTUS, Gray. 

1. 3. purpurascena, Gr. Decumbent or prostrate: leaves cordate: corolla reddish. 

4. GOMPHQC A RPUS, Robt Brown. 
L O. cordifoLrufl, Benth. Smooth: loosely flowered: corolla dark purple-red. 

2. Gh tomentosus, Gr. Woolly: stem angled: corolla greenish or purplish* 



GENTIANACEJL 

Corolla from funnelform to salverform: leaves opposite. 

Corolla yellow, 4-lobed: anthers not twisted. •*•••*•»•• 1 

Corolla red, 3-5-lobed: anthers spirally twisted in age, •«•„•••••••• 8 

Corolla blue or white: stigma flat, nearly sessile ••*•*. 8 

Corolla rotate, 4-parted with fringed glands: leaves opposite or whorled. »••*••• 4 

Corolla campanula te: leaves alternate or radical, 3-foliolate or reniform ••••••«• Q 

1. MICBOCALA, Link. 
i. Itt. qu adrangtdarifl, Griseb. Slender, 2 or 3 inches high: calyx 4-*ngled. 



2. 


E. 


3. 


E. 


4. 


E. 


5. 


E. 



144 GBNTIANACEiB. 

2. ERYTHBJ93A, Renealm. 

Corolla-lobes H to 2\ lines long; tube much longer: anthers oblong 1, 2 t 8 

Corolla-lobes 34 to 6 lines long: tube a little longer; anthers linear 4, 5 

1. E, floribunda, Benth. Pedicels short or none: corolla-lobes 2 lines long or less* 

Muhlenbergii, Griseb. Pedicels short or 2-bracted; corolla-lobes obtuse. 

Douglasii, Gr. Pedicels slender: corolla-lobes obtuse: seeds globular. 

trichantha, Griseb. Flowers often corymbose, some Bessile, lobes acute. 

venusta, Gr. Flowers pediceled: corolla-lobes obtuse, tube yellowish. 

3. GENTIANA, Tournefort 

a. Corolla without plaited folds or appendages between the lobes. 

Flowers solitary on terminal peduncle, 12 to 18 lines long „ 1, 2 

Flowers several, smaller, 5 to 7 lines long: calyx 5-cleft 3 

6. Corolla with folds between the (usually 5) lobes which are prolonged into thin teeth or 
accessory lobes; stigmas distinct: pod on a stipe. 

Annual: anthers introrse: stem leaves ovate-cordate 2 to 4 lines long 4 

Perennial: anthers more or less extrorse: usually a pair of bracts or leaves under the short- 
peduncled or sessile flower. 
Stems several from one caudex, 1-2-flowered: stem-leaves connate-sheathing. 

Stems 1 -flowered, 2 to 4 inches high: radical leaves rosulate 6 

Stems longer: upper pair of leaves enclosing the flower 6, 7 

Stems many -leaved: style manifest, corolla blue or bluish. 

Corolla-lobes broad, narrowed at base; accessory lobes entire 8, 

Corolla-lobes not narrowed at base: accessory lobes laciniate 10, 11 

1. G. serrata, Gunner, var. holopetala, Gr. Calyx angular, lobes keeled. 

2. G. simplex, Gr. Leaves linear-oblong, 3 to 9 lines long: calyx hardly angular. 

3. G. Amarella, L. var. acuta, Engelm. Stem acute-angled: capsule Bessile. 

4. G. Douglasiana, Bong. Cymosely branched: radical leaves rosulate. 

5. G. Newberryi, Gr. Radical leaves obovate to spatulate: corrolla 18 lines long. 

6. G. setigera, Gr. Stems decumbent: 1 or 3 bristles between corolla-lobes. 

7. G. calycosa, Griseb. Stems erect: accessory corolla- tubes laciniate or 2-cleft. 

8. G. Menziesii, Griseb. Stems slender, a ft. long or less: leaves 1J in. long or less 

9. G. sceptruxn, Griseb. Stem 2 to 4 ft. high: leaves broader, 1£ to 3 in. long. 

10. G. Oregana, Engelm. Corolla over an inch long, lobes roundish. 

11. G. afflrris, Griseb, Corolla an inch long or less, lobes ovate, acute. 

4. F&ASEBA. Walter. 
Stont, 2 to 5 ft. high: leaves not white margined L, 2 

Gray -green, 1 to 3 ft. high: leaves with cartilaginous white margins 3, 4, 5 

1. F. thyrsifiora, Hook; Leaves in 2's or 3's: a gland on each corolla-lobe. 



POLBMONIACBJB. 145 

2. P. speciosa, DougL Leaves in 4 T s and 6's: 2 glands on eaoh corolla* lobe, 

3. P\ Parryi, Torr. Leaves in 2's or 3's: corolla white, glands lunate-obooTdafea 

4. F. nitida, Benth. Slender: light blue corolla often greenish spotted. 

5. F. albicaulis, Dcragl. Similar but minutely puberulent: glands linear-oblottg, 

5. MENYANTHES, Tournefort. 

1. M. trifoliata, L. Leaves 3-foliolate: flowers racemose: corolla bearded. 

2. ML Ohxista-gulli, Mens. Leaves reniform: flowers cymose, crested. 



POLEMONIACEjE. 

Leaves entire, opposite: corolla salver-form, rose-purple to white: stamens inserted at 
unequal heights: perennials 1 

Leaves various; rarely all opposite and entire, then the stamens are inserted at equal 
heights: corolla from salverform and funnelform to almost rotate 2 

Leaves simply pinnate, alternate; leaflets entire, apex sharp: corolla rotate to funnelform: 
stamens declined, hairy at base ft 

1. PHLOX, Linnaeus. 

Matted cushion-like, evergreen: leaves narrow, crowded, 3 to 6 lines long. 

Woolly, in mats 2 to 4 inches high: leaves imbricated, recurved ... . 1 

Not woolly: leaves rigid, hispid -cilia te, sometimes recurved 2 

Not woolly, less densely tufted: leaves narrower, less rigid 3 

Loosely tufted: leaves linear to ovate, mostly exceeding an inch long. 

Leaves very narrowly linear, style long, slender 4, 5 

Leaves linear to ovate: corolla usually 6 to 10 lines broad 8, 7 

1. P. canescens, T. & G. Corolla white, 6 to 9 lines long, tube exserted. 

2. P. cs&spitosa, Nutt. Corolla tube a little exceeding the calyx lobes. 

3. P. Douglasii, Hook. Leaves with margins naked or ciliate at base. 

4. P. linearifolia, Gr. Much branched: leaves 1 or 2 inches long a line wide. 

5. P. longifolia, Nutt. Similar but lower and cells mostly 1-ovnled. 

6. P. adsurgens, Torr* Smooth leaves ovate or narrower: corolla-tube long. 

7. P. spociona, Pursh. Leaves lanceolate to linear: corolla tube and style shorts 

2. GILT A, Ruiz & Pavon. 
* Leaves opposite, eU least below, palmately parted into Uncar or filiform divisions (entire In 

8 and rarely in 10). 
Diffusely branching to nearly simple stems: corolla nearly rotate to salverform. 

Flowers scattered on filiform pedicels 1 to 8 

Flowers sessile, a few together or solitary 9, 10 



146 POLEMONIACKA 

Simple or sparingly branched: flowers sessile in dense leafy -bracted heads: corolla salver- 
form 

Corolla-tube little or not at all exserted beyond the leafy bracts. 11,15,16 

Corolla tube much exserted 12, 13, 14 

# * Leaves alternate, lobed or parted; rarely a few entire or opposite, 
t Leaves palmately parted into rigid pungent divisions: stems woody: flowers large, sessile: 

corolla salverform: stamens included 17, 18 

ft Leaves pedatety 5 -7 -parted: soft-hairy perennials. 

Flowers white in dense heads: some leaves 3-parted or entire . . 34 

Flowers violet or purplish, solitary, subsessile in forks or axils. 35 

ttt Leaves pinnately incised cle/t or divided, rarely a few entire cr opposite: bracts some- 
times nearly palmately cleft. 
a. Flowers in dense leafy -bracted clusters or heads: lobes of the calyx, bracts and upper 

leaves mostly rigid and pungent. 
Much branched annuals: sometimes viscid: never woolly except in thoheadsj-stigmasoften 
only 2. 
At least some of the leaves bipinnatifid, 

More or less viscid; odor disagreeable. ••••• 19, 20 

Not viscid: leaf -segments filiform ., 81 to 24 

Leaves simply pinnatifid or many entire. 

Not viscid; bracts and calyx fine-woolly « 25 

Viscid 26 to 28 

Densely woolly, at least when young: corolla salverform: stamens exserted. 

Leaves rigid, not viscid: filaments exserted; anthers sagittate 29 to 83 

Leaves not rigid: petioles broad: flowers small, white, numerous 34 

6. Inflorescence bractless or nearly so: leaves not rigid or pungent. 

Stems from creeping rootstocks, 1 or 2 incher high 35 

Flowers in long-pedunculate ovoid heads: leaf -lobes filiform 36, 37 

Flowers clustered or solitary: leaf -lobes slender (except 41) 88 to 44 

Corolla pinkish, slender, twice as long as calyx 45, 46 

• * # Leaves entire (rarely £ or 3 small lobes), alternate, or the lower opposite, sessile: corolla 
salverjorm to funnelfomx: stamen unequally inserted: more or less viscid annuals. 

Flowers on filiform peduncles: corolla pink, 5 to 10 lines long 47 

Flowers in loose cluster or scattered: calyx -lobes slender • * 48 

Flowers in the forks and upper axils : calyx-lobes awn-like ♦ •••»»••»•« 49 

Flowers in leafy -bracted capitate clusters or a few scattered. 

Calyx-lobes acute: corolla 5 lines long » «*»*•••*. 50 

Calyx-iobea obtuse: 'corolla 10 to 15 lines long *♦♦♦♦ ♦•••♦. 51 

§ 1. Dactylophyllum, Gray. 
1* G. linifloro, Benth. Corolla white or pinkish, nearly rotate. W. CaL 



POLBMOXIACEiE. 147 

Var. pharnaceoidea, Or. Smaller: the flowers half as large, 3 to 5 lines broad. 

2. G. pusilla, Benth. Corolla short funnelform, 2 or 3 lines long, throat yellowish. 
Var. Californica, Gr. Corolla larger, twice as long as calyx. Common form. 

3. G. Harknessii, Cnrran. Corolla white, 1 or 2 lines long, tube equaling lobes. 

4. G. Bolanderi, Gr. Corolla purplish, lobes exceeding the narrow tube. 

5. G. ambigua. Tube, dark throat and lilac-purple limb, each 2 lines long. 

6. G. Rattani, Gr. Less branched: corolla tube long exserted, slender. Cent Cal 

7. G. aurea, Nutt. Diffuse: leaves hispidulous: very small: corolla yellow. 
Var. decora, Gr. Corolla white or purplish, throat often dark. Cent. CaL S. 

8. G. dianthoides, Endl. Corolla lilac or purple, large, lobes fringed. S. Cal. 

9. G. Lemmoni, Gr. Leaves minute: calyx lobes rigid: corolla yellow. S. CaL 

$ 2. Iiinanthus, Endl., Benth. 

10. G. dichotoma, Benth. Smooth: corolla salverform, satiny-white, largo. 

§ 3. Leptosipiion, Endl., Benth. 

11. G. densiflora, Benth. Stout: leaf -lobes stiff: corolla 8 to 10 lines broad. 

12. Q. androsacea, SteudeL Very variable: corolla throat yellow or dark. 

13. G. xndcrantha, Steud. Corolla very slender, usually yellow. 

14. G ( tenella, Benth. Leaves hispidulous-ciliate: corolla pink, throat yellow* 

15. G. ciliata, Benth. Rigid, grayish-hispid: corolla rose color. 

§ 4. Siphonella, Gray. 

16. G. Nutt&llii, Gr. Perennial: corolla white; throat broad, yellow. 

§ 5. Leptodactylon, Bentham. 
Californica, Benth. Corolla often 18 lines broad. Coast, 
pungens, Benth. Viscid: corolla smaller. Sierra Nevada*. 

§ 6. Navarretia, Gray, 

squarrosa, H. & A. Corolla blue to white: stamens included, 
cotuleefolia, Steud. Less viscid: stamens exserted. 
intertexta, Steud. Calyx and spiny bracts white and woolly afchafl&> 
Breweri, Gr, Less pungent: corolla yellow, 3 or 4 lines long, 
leucocephala, Gr. Erect or branches procumbent, pale green, 
prostrata, Gr. Similar; prostrate branches from a central head* 
divaricata, Torr. Heads small; bracts nearly palmately cleft, 
filicaulis, Torr. Small corolla similar, but stamens exserted. 
viscidula, Gr. Stout, Diffuse: corolla violet to purple. 



17. 


G. 


18. 


G. 


19. 


G. 


20. 


G. 


21. 


G. 


22. 


G. 


23. 


G. 


24. 


G. 


25. 


G. 


26. 


G. 


27. 


G. 



148 P0LEM0N1ACK4L 

Var. heterodox*, Gr. Slender bracts broad, less rigid: corolla tube shorter. 

28. G. atractyloidea, Stead* More rigid and viscid: mint scented. 

§ 7. Hugelia, Gray. 

29. G. densifolia. Benth. Corolla violet-blue, tube much exsertecL 

30. G. virgata, Steud. More slender: flowers fewer, blue or lavender, 
Var. floribunda, Gr. Corymbose branches ending in dense heads. 

31. G. floccosa, Gr. Corolla tube 3 or 4 lines long: anthers shorter. 

32. G. filifolia, Nutt. Corolla lobes a line long: anthers cordate-oval. 

33. G. lutescens, Stead. Corolla yellow, 3 lines long: pod 3- seeded. 

§ 8. Elaphocera, NuttaU. 
84. G. congest a, Hook. Leaves pedately 5-7-parted, lobes 2 lines long, 

§ 9. Eugilia, Bentham, Gray. 

35. G. debilis, Watson. Soft hairy: Flowers sessile among crowded leaves. 

36. G. capitata, Dougl. Flowers light blue: calyx scarcely hairy. 

37. G. achillesefolia, Benth. Flowers violet to lavender: calyx-tips recurred* 

39. G. multicaulis, Benth. Corolla violet, 4 lines long: capsule ovoid. 

40. G. tricolor, Benth. Corolla -lobes violet or lilac, throat dark purple. 

41. G. latifolia, Gr. Corolla 9 or 10 lines long, purple with dark throat. 

42. G. tenuiflora, Benth. Corolla narrow, 7 to 9 lines long, rose and violet* 

43. G. inconspicua, Dougl. Corolla narrow, 3 to 5 lines long, variable. 

§ 10. Ipomopsis, Bentham. 

44. G. aggregata, Spreng. Large corolla, scarlet to white, dotted; lobes aouta* 
Var. Bridgesii, Gr. Lower, 6 to 18 inches high: corolla bright red. S. N. Mta 

§ 11. Courtoisia, Gray. 

45. G. glutinosa, Gr. Calyx rounded at base, deeply cleft: capsule globular* 

46. G. heterophylla, Dougl. Diffuse: calyx-base acute: clusters close. 

47. G. capillaris, Kellogg. Calyx small: corolla-lobes equaling throat. 

§ 12. Collomia, Gray. 

48. G. gracilis, Hook. Leaves narrow; lowest opposite, broader. 

49. G. aristella, Gr. Corolla purplish 4 to 6 lines long: capsule 3-lobed. N. GaL N* 

50. G. linearis, Nutt. Corolla lilac-purple to white, slender. 

Var. subulata, Gr. Low, much branched, flowers few in lower forks. 

51. G. grandinora, Dougl. Corolla salmon color, 12 lines Jong. 



HYDROPHYLLACBJE. 149 

3. POLEMONIUM. 

Tufted, more or less viscid; corolla funnelf onn: alpine I, 9 

8tema 1 to 3 ft. high: leaflets mostly an inch or more long 3, 4 

Slender, much branched : leaflets 2 to 4 lines long: annual 6 

1. P. confertum, Gr. Small leaflets 2-3-divided: flowers in heads, 6 to 12 lines long. 

2. P. humile, Willd., var. pulchellum, Gr. Leaflets entire: flowers fewer. 
2, P. coeruleum, L. Flowers blue, numerous, in a narrow naked panicle. 

4. P. carneum, Gr. Corolla salmon or flesh color, often over an inch long. 
Var. luteom, Gr. Corolla yellow, lobes (as in the species) broadly obovata. Of. 

5. P. micranthum, Benth. Corolla whitish, nearly rotate, email 



HYDROPHYLLACE.E. 

| 1. Ovary and pod globose, 1 -celled, lined with a pair of expanded placentas corolla 
usually convolute in the bud. Herbs. 

• Stamen* and style much exserted: calyx not enlarged in fruit: flowers in dense dusters or 

heads: leaves alternate: perennial 1 

* * Stamens shorter than the corolla: calyx enlarging in fruit: flowers scattered 07 in loom 

clusters: lower and sometimes all the leaves opposite: annual '% 

Calyx with reflexed appendages between the lobes 8 

Calyx not appendaged: the lobes broad and obtuse: corolla white 3 

§ 2. Ovary 1-2-celled: calyx deeply parted: corolla imbricated in tho bad. 

Leaves all entire and opposite • ~~. . 4 

Leaves all or all but the lowest alternate simple or compound: style 2-oloft, 

Corolla deciduous, not yellow •••••••*• 5 

Corolla persistant, yellow •••••*«. 6 

Leaves mostly radical, long petioled, round-cordate, crenately 7-$4obecL 

Style and stigma entire: cymes bractless, racemoae 7 

Leaves and 1-flowered peduncles all radical: corolla lobes 5 to 7 • 8 

§ 3. Ovary completely or nearly 2 -celled: styles distinct, the tips thickened: corolla 
imbricated not appendaged: leaves simple. 

Woody at base or tufted: corolla narrow funnelf onn. ••,.*•»*••••••«••••»• *. 9 

Shrubs; leaves thick, toothed: cymes terminal •«*r*^— »»• .•••»•••• 10 

1. HYDBOPHYIXUM, Toornoforl 

1. H. capitatom, Dougl. Leaves 5-7-parted, lobes 2-3-cleft. 

2. E. occidentals, Gr. Leaves 7-15-parted, lobes cleft, obtnaa. 
Var. Watsoni, Gr. Almost stemless, softer hairy. 

3. H. Virginicum, L. Leaves bright green, nearly smooth, 3-5-parted, 



1. 


N. 


z 


N. 


3. 


N. 


4. 


N. 


5. 


N. 


1. 


E. 


2. 


E. 



150 HYDROPHYLLACBA. 

2. NEMOPHILA, NuttalL 

Leaves all or nearly all opposite, seeds 5 or more ■ 1, 2, 8 

Leaves all or many alternate: stems weak: seeds 4 or less • 4, 5 

maculata, Benth. Corolla white with 5 violet spots. 

insignia, Dongl. Leaves 7-13-lobed: corolla bright blue. 

Menziesii, H. & A. CoroMa blue to white, dark dotted in center. 

aurita, Lindl. Leaves 2 to 4 in. long, lobes and prickles retrorse: limb violet 

parviflora, Dongl. Leaves variable: white, dotted corolla 2 to 6 lines long. 

8. ELLTSIA, Linnaeus, 

membranacea, Benth. Leaves 3-9 -divided: lobes mostly entire, 
chrysanthemifolia, Benth. Leaves twice or thrice plnnatifid. 

4. DRAPERIA, Torrey. 

1. D. systyla, Torr. Silky viscid: leaves opposite, entire: stamens unequal 

5. FHACELIA, Jussieu. 

• Leaves simple and entire or eome of the lower ones with small entire lobes at the base, 

All simple and entire, narrow, the lower (and the branches) opposite 1, 2 

Mostly simple and entire, ovate or oblong: spikes long 20 

Simple and entire or with 2 or 3 slender basal lobes, narrow 25 

Often simple and entire bnt lower ones usually with 1 to 3 pairs of basal lobes, all lanceo- 
late or ovate: veins simple, distinct. Ovules 4 8, 4, 5 

Ovules 8 or more 28, 29, 80 

• * Leaves simple and more or less notched or lobed f or lower ones with small basal lobes, 

ovate or cordate. 

Hispid with spreading stinging hairs, annual 6, 7 

Hispid, viscid: leaves often pinnatifidly lobed 21 

Viscid: flowers large in loose racemes, bine, violet or white. 

Very viscid: style 2-parted 14, 15 

Less viscid: style 2-cleft; corolla blue or violet 16, 17 

Leaves doubly toothed or some pinnately parted. • 18 

Leaves small, shorter than the petioles 19 

Lower leaves with small basal divisions. 

Leaves and flowers large, viscid ••••*.„••«.. 22 

Leaves silky: somewhat hispid and glandular •..»♦ 23 

# * * Leaves l-S-pinnately divided and incised. 

Calyx not hispid, 2 lines long in fruit: seed mostly solitary. 8 

Calyx hispid or ciliate: style 2-parted 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 



HYDROPHYLLACEJfi. 151 

Style cleft to near the middle, leaves simply pinnate. 

Tall perennial, soft pubescent; leaves large * 24 

Leaves with 7 to 15 entire or few- toothed obtuse lobes. 26 

Leaves mostly at base: flowers on pedicels 6 to 12 lines long 27 

Style cleft at apex: corolla nearly tubular, 5 to 7 lines long , 81 

§ 1. Euphacelia, Gr. Ovules 4. 

1. P. namatoides, Gr. A span high: corolla blue, 1 or 2 lines long. 

2. P. Pringlei, Gr. Taller: corolla more broadly campanulate. N. CaL 

3. P. circinata, Jacq. f. Hispid: grayish leaves strigose: spikes dense. 
Var. oalycosa, Gr. Calyx-lobes broader, veiny: stamens as much exserted. 

4. P. Breweri, Gr. Similar but annual, smaller: hairless filaments not exsertedL 
humilis, T. & G. Diffuse: a span high: corolla deep blue, 2 or 3 lines long. 
malvffi folia, Cham. Corolla whit 6, 3 or 4 lines broad: stamens exserted. 
Rattani, Gr. More slender: corolla 2 lines long: stamens included, 
platyloba, Gr. Corolla nearly rotate, bluish, little exceeding calyx, 
distans, Benth. Corolla dull- white to violet: stamens scarcely exserted. 

tanacetifolia, Benth. Similar but stamens much exserted: capsule ovaL 
hispida, Gr. White-hispid: sepals very slender, much exceeding globose 
Bole. 
ramosissima, Dougl. Perennial: stems weak: leaves rather coarsely lobed. 
ciliata, Benth. Calyx much enlarged in fruit, lobes ovate, ciliate, veiny. 

§ 2. Gymnobathus, Gr, Ovules and seeds numerous: no appendages to rotate campan* 

ulate corolla, 

14. P. viscida. Torr. Corolla deep blue with lighter center, 6 to 12 lines broad. 
Var. albiflora, Gr. Flowers white. With next species. Santa Barbara, S. 

15. P. grand iflora, Gr. Similar: light blue to white corolla much larger. 

§ 3. Whitlavia ,Gr. Ovules 8 to many: flowers showy. 
Whitlavia, Gr. Corolla- tube cylindrical, spreading lobes much shorter, 
campanularia, Gr. Corolla campanulate, 8 to 10 lines long. San Diego. 
Parfyi, Torr. Corolla cleft below the middle, violet, often 5 spots in throat. 
longipes, Torr. Slender: corolla 5 or 6 lines long, white. Los Angeles, S. 

§ 4. Eutoca, Gr. Ovules 10 to many: capsule ovoid or oblong. 

20. P. grisea, Gr. Corolla whitish: filaments retrorsely hairy, exserted. 

21. P. loasas folia, Torr. Corolla 3 lines long: naked filaments much exserted. 

22. P. Bolanderi, Gr. Corolla nearly rotate, 10 or 12 lines broad, violet to white. 

23. P. hydrophylloides, Torr. Corolla 3 or 4 lines broad: naked filaments muoh 
exserted. 



6. 


P. 


6. 


P. 


7. 


P. 


8. 


P. 


9. 


P. 


10. 


P. 


11. 


P. 


12. 


cap; 

p. 


13. 


p. 



16. 


P. 


17. 


P. 


18. 


P. 


19. 


P. 



152 HYDROPHYLLACEJE. 

24. P. procera, Gr. Leaf-lobes acute: filaments much exserted. 

26. P. Menziesii, Torr. Corolla violet or white, 6 to 10 lines broad. 

26. P. brachyloba, Gr. Corolla small, whitish: stamens not exserted. 

27. P. Douglasii, Torr. Diffuse: corolla campanulate, 5 to 10 lines broad. 

28. P. Davidsoni, Gr. Hoary: leaves strigose: pedicels equaling calyx. 

29. P. circinatif oralis, Gr. Spikes dense: stamens included: seeds 6 or more. 
80. P. divaricata, Gr. Corolla broadly campanulate, blue, 7 to 10 lines broad. 

§ 5. Microgenetes, Or. Style cleft only at apex: stamens unequal, included. 
31. P. bicolor, Torr. Diffuse: racemes loose: corolla-tube yellowish. 

6. EMMENANTHE, Bentham. 

1. E. parviflora, Gr. Very viscid: corolla not exceeding calyx. 

2. E. penduliflora, Benth. Less viscid: corolla exceeding calyx. 

7. BOMANZOFFIA, Chamiaso. 

1. It. Unalaskensis, Cham. Calyx-lobes little shorter than the corolla. 

2. R. Sitchensis, Bong. Pedicels, funnelf orm corolla and style longer. 

8. HESPEROCHIBON, Watson. 
L H. Californicus, Wat. Corolla-lobes shorter than the tube. 
2. EL pumilus, Porter. Corolla nearly rotate, tube bearded within. 

9. NAMA, Linnaeus. 

1. N. Lobbi, Gr. Silky- woolly: leaves entire: flowers nearly sessile. 

2. N. Bothrockii, Gr. Leaves almost pinna tifid: flowers in terminal heads. 

3. N. Parryi, Gr. Cymes scorpioid: leaves linear, undulate, villous. 

10. EBIODICTYON, Bentham. 
1. E. tomentosum, Benth. Whitened or rusty with dense pubescenpe. S. OaL 
1 E. glutinosum, Benth. Sticky, resinous coated: corolla 6 lines long. CaL 



BORBAGINAGEiE. 

| I. Ovary merely 4-lobed: stigma broad, sessile: glabrous: succulent — ...... 1 

§ 2. Ovary 4- parted into seed-like nutlets; style conspicuous; stigma small. 
* Nutlets fixed by the base to a fiat receptacle* smooth and shining. 

Flowers leafy-bracted: corolla imbricated, yellow: soft-hairy 8 

Flowers bractless: corolla convolute, blue or white 8 



BOBBAGINACEJB. 153 

# • Nutlets fixed to a prominent base (gynobase) by some pari of the inner angle or fauxx 

corolla imbricated. 
Nutlets not armed with prickles, not appendaged. 

Corolla blue or whitish: smooth glaucous perennials. •••••••• 4 

Corolla yellow: hispid annuals. » 5 

Corolla white, mostly yellow-crested in the throat: hirsute or hispid. 

Nutlets erect and straight: calyx in fruit not rotate 6 

Nutlets obliqne or incurved on a rounded base 7 

Corolla blue, rotate: a dwarf alpine tufted perennial «... «.•...» 8 

Nutlets armed with hooked or barbed prickles, or flat and wing-margined. 
Corolla blue, purple or white; throat with a ring of 2-iobed crests. 

Racemes bracteate at base: nutlets erect, prickles barbed. ,. 9 

Racemes on naked peduncles : nutlets globose 10 

Corolla minute, white: flowers scattered along leafy branches. 

Nutlets flattened, forming an x-shaped or star-like bur. — ..♦. U 

1. HELIOTROPITJM, Tournefort. 

1. IL Gurassavicum, L. Nearly or quite prostrate: corolla bluish or white. 

2. LITHOSPERMUM, Tournefort. 

1. Ii. Californicum, Gr. Corolla 9 or 10 lines long: throat exceeding lobes. 

2. I*. pilosum, Nutt. Corolla greenish yellow, silky, 5 or 6 lines long. 

3. MYOSOTIS, Linnaeus, 

1. M. verna, Nutt. Hispid calyx unequal: corolla white, small. Oregon. 

2. M. sylvatica, HofFm. var. alpestris, Koch. Corolla blue, 3 or 4 lines broad. 

4. MERTENSIA, Roth. 

1. M. m&ritima, Don. Corolla 3 or 4 lines long, tube shorter than calyx. 

2. Iff. Siberica, Don. Corolla- tube much exserted: calyx lobes obtuse. 

5. AMSINCKIA, Lehmann. 

Nutlets sharply 3-angled, straight, smooth, shining 1 

Nutlets broad; the back nearly flat, wavy- wrinkled cross- wise ^ 2 

Nutlets incurved, convex and ridged on the back, rough 3 f 4, 5 

1. A. verrucosa, H. & A. Sparingly hispid: corolla-tube a little exserted. 
Var. grandiflora, Gr. Very bristly-hispid: corolla- tube longer, limb broader. 
Z A. tes sella ta, Gr. Coarsely hispid: leaves mostly obtuse: calyx rusty. 

3. A. intermedia, F. & M. Calyx whitish or tawny hispid: corolla 2 or 3 linea. 

4. A. spectabilis, F. & M. Corolla bright orange much exserted. 



lo4 BORRAGINACBJL 

5. A* lycopsoides, Lehm. Stiff bristles with pimple-like base: leaf margins often 
undulate: often branching: very variable. 

6. KBYNITZKIA, Fischer & Meyer. 
§ 1. Nutlets ovoid, smooth, shining, a ridge down the back, a groove down the inner 

side, attached to the gynobase one quarter the length 1 

| 2. Nutlets ovoid, somewhat rugose, a ridge down the inner side, Hied by the base of 

the inner angle. Entire plant light green. 

• Mostly diffuse: lower leaves often opposite: corolla 1 or IS lines broad 2, 3 

* * Flowers numerous: limb of corolla nearly rotate, 3 to 5 lines broad: yellow crests in the 

throat conspicuous: lower leaves mostly opposite (except in No, 6) 4, 5, 6 

§ 3. Nutlets never rugose; inner angle furrowed from less than half to all the way; back 
convex; side angles mostly obtuse, never margined: calyx in fruit erect or closed: 
corolla small, throat naked or the crests not exserted: numerous flowers sessile in 
scorpioid spikes. 

* Fruiting calyx often falling with the enclosed nutlets, these smooth, shining, acute: sepals 

narrow, hispid, slender. 

Nutlets solitary, rarely 2, acuminate, fixed below the middle 7, 8, 9 

Nutlets usually all maturing scarcely a line long 10, 11 

Nutlets unequal, one much larger than the others 12 

Nutlets 3-angled-ovoid, papillose, sharply muricate or scabrous, attached nearly or quite 

up to the apex: usually erect and hispid; spikes bractless: calyx pungent- bristly. 

Calyx very villous-hispid, In fruit 3-5 lines long, mid-rib strong 13 

Calyx 3 lines long or less; bristles pungent, whitish or yellowish. 

In fruit double the length of the nutlets not connivent 14, 15 

In fruit 1 or 2 lines long, more or less connivent over the angular nutlets.. 16, 17, 18 

• • Fruiting calyx deciduous above a persistent basal cup: nutlets ovaU-deUoid, 3-angled, 

usually very smooth, groove forked. 
Much branched, with flowers almost from base, hispid 19 

1. K, lithocarya, Greene. Corolla not surpassing the rusty calyx: spike simple. 

2. E. Calif ornica, Gr. Leaves small, narrow: flowering from near the base. 
Var. subglochidiata, Gr. Succulent: nutlets minute-bristly with barbed hairs. 

3. K. trachycarpa, Gr. More lower leaves opposite: nutlets broader, granulate. 

4. K. Chorisiana, Gr. Some pedicels 2 to 12 lines long: leaves large. 

5. K. Scouleri, Gr. Slender: spikes often branching mostly bractless. 

5. K. mollis, Gr. Perennial stems creeping, soft-hairy. Wet borders of ponds, 

7. K. sparsiflora, Greene. Sepals with stiff hooked bristles: nutlet flattened. 

8. K. oxycarya, Gr. Strigulose: leaves linear: calyx in fruit deflexed-bristly at base 

9. K. microstachys, Greene. Smaller, hispidulous: calyx bristles not deflexed. 

10. EL leiocarpa, F. & M. Nutlets attached for nearly the whole length* 

11. K. Torreyana, Gr. Nutlets attached half way up, groove forked. 



BORRAGrNTACKA 155 

Var. calyoosa, Or. Flowers crowded, somewhat capitate: calyx longer. 

12. X. dumetorum, Greene. Almost climbing: papillose-hispid: 2 sepals united. 

13. K. barbigera, Gr. Nutlets gray, very rough, rarely all fertile. 

14. K. intermedia, Gr. Nutlets thickly muricate, groove with open basal soar. 

15. 1L ambigua, Gr. Nutlets minutely muricate, groove widely forked. 

16. X. muriculata, Gr. Stout: spikes 2-3-radiate: nutlets triangular-ovate. 

17. K- Jonesii, Gr. Slender: spikes more numerous, paniculate: calyx smaller. 

18. X. micromeres, Gr. Hispid, diffuse: spikes filiform: flowers minute. 

19. EL micrantha, Gr. var. lepida, Gr. Roots red: hispid: corolla 2J lines long. 

7. PLAGIOBOTHRYS, Fischer & Meyer. 

• Nutlets not on stipe-like attachments: calyx more or less villous with yellowish or rusty 

hairs, sometimes deciduous above the base {circumscissile). 

Sepals nearly distinct; in fruit 3 lines long, lax: nutlets broadly ovate 1 

Calyx deeply 5-clef t: giving a violet stain to paper 2, 3, 4 

Calyx cleft nearly to the base, 2-3 lines long in fruit not connivent 5 

Calyx cleft half way, silky, in fruit connivent, soon circumscissile 6 

• • Nutlets on stipe-like attachments: hispidulous 1 7 

1. P. rufescdns, F. & M. Stems slender from rosulate tuft of radical leaves. 

2. P. tenellus, Gr. Radical leaves rosulate: nutlets 4-lobed or cross-like, shining. 

3. P. Shastensis, Greene. Similar, with larger flowers and nutlets. Mt. Shasta. 

4. P. Torreyi, Gr. Diffusely procumbent, hispidulous: leaves oblong. 

5. P. canescens, Benth. Villous : spikes, as in the last, often leafy below. 

6. P. nothofulvus, Gr. Rosulate leaves thin: corolla 2 or 3 lines broad. 

7. P. Oooperi, Gr. Diffuse: corolla 2 or 3 lines broad, throat closed. 

8. OMPHALODES, Tournefort. 
1. O. Howard!, Gr. Silky, silvery: flowers few: corolla 4-5 lines broad. Or. 

9. ECHINOSPERBTDM, Lehmann. 

Prickles of the fruit barbed at apex only: calyx in fruit reflexed. ...» 1, 9, 8 

Prickles barbed to the base: crests of small white corolla small * 4 

1. E. Calif ornieum, Gr. Corolla short-funnelform, blue, 2-6 lines broad. 

2. E. floribundum, Lehm. Corolla rotate, blue or often white, 2-3 lines broad. 

3. 2. diffusum, Lehm. Similar corolla 4-9 lines broad: back of nutlet naked. 
4 S. Greenei, Gr. Diffuse: nutlets triangular-ovoid: prickles terete. N. CaL 

10. CYNOGLOSSUM, Lehmann. 

1. 0. occidentale, Gr. Hispidulous: upper leaves sessile; lower, spatnlate. 

2. 0. grande, Dougl. Soft -villous becoming glabrate: leaves all petioled. 
Var. lave, Gr. Smooth: corolla smaller, lobes shorter than tube. 



156 CONVOLVULACEjE. 

11. PEOTOCARYA, DeCandoUe. 
Nutlets forming an x-sbaped bur, the wings undulate or laciniate •••»•••••••••«•• 1 , 9 

Nutlets forming a flat + - shaped bur, the thin margins entire 3, 4 

1. P. linearis, DC. Wings of nutlets toothed, the teeth bristle-tipped. 

2. P. penicillata, A. DC. More diffuse: nutlets fiddle-shaped; apex bristly. 

3. P. setosa, Or. Hispid, stouter: calyx -lobes with 3 or 4 very large bristles, 

4. P. pusilla, Gr. Strigulose: nutlets angular, flat, wingless, with a midnerve. 



CONTOLYCLACEjE. 

Twining or trailing: corolla funnelform, large, limb entire] stigmas 5L 1 

Not twining: corolla 2-3 lines long, 5-clef t, white: styles 2 2 

Corolla £ in. long, 5-cleft, purplish: stigmas 2 Sp, 7 in No. 1 

Twining leafless thread-like orange or yellowish stems: parasitic 8 

L CONVOLVULUS, LinnaBus. 
Solitary flower with a pair of broad bracts enclosing the calyx. 

Stems very short and erect or prostrate, trailing (See var. No. 6). ....... . l t 8, 4 

Stems twining freely: bracts cordate-ovate or sagittate (See 5) 9 

Flowers often 2-3 together with small bracts; stems often woody 5 

Flowers with a pair of subulate bracts at base of pedicel: stamens slender. 6 

Flowers 3 lines long, deeply 5-cleft: not twining 7 

1. C. Soldanella, L. Glabrous, fleshy: leaves reniform: flowers pinkish. 

2. C. sepium, L., var. Axnericanus, Gr. Leaves acute: corolla rose, 

3. C. Calif ornicus, Choisy. Short, erect, or at length prostrate; pubescent. 

4. C. villosus, Gr. Densely white- velvety: leaves an inch long or less. 
Var. fulcratus, Gr. Bracts similar to the leaves (hastate): corolla yellowish. 

5. C. occidentalis, Gr. Bracts variable: stems often very long: corolla white* 
Var. tenuissimus, Gr. Only a ft. or a yd. high: leaves slender-hastate. 

6. C. arvensis, L. Creeping in moist places: corolla an inch long or less* 

7. C. pentapetaloides, L. A diffusely branched slender annual with spatol&te Of 
lanceolate mostly entire leaves. This with No. 6 naturalized from Bo. 

2. CBJESSA Linna>us. 
1. 0. Cretica, L. Gray silky leaves numerous, small, entire: flowers axillary. 

3. CUSCUTA, Tournefort. 

Ovary and capsule depressed glabose: stamens low, very slender. ••«•««••« 1 9 2 

Ovary and capsule pointed; corolla withering-persistent} scales fringed. 



80LANACUL 157 

Stems slender, low, growing on salt-marsh plants •»•••« 8 

Sterna coarser: corolla much exceeding the calyx, 2J to 4 lines long ....... 4 

Stems coarse: corolla lobes acute, usually inflexed 6, 6 

1. 0. arvensis, Beyrich. Flowers scarcely a line long in dense clusters. 

2. C. Calif ornica, Choisy. Calyx lobes acute: corolla lobes slender. 

3. O. salina, Engelm. Delicate white flowers 1£-2J lines long, 

4. 0. subinclusa, D. & H. Flower clusters globose, 6 to 12 lines thick* 
6, C. decora, Choisy. Flowers fleshy and papillose: clusters close, 

a 0. racemosa, Martins, var. Chiliana, Engelm. Corolla thin, From Chili 



SOLANACE-E. 

Corolla rotate: anthers connivent around the style: fruit a berry 1 

Corolla rotate-cam panulate: anthers not connivent: berry enclosed in the loose inflated 
calyx. May appear in cultivated ground. Physcdis, 

Corolla tubular-funnelform, J in. long or less: spiny shrubs 2 

Corolla funnelform, large: fruit large, covered with spines 8 

Corolla funnelform or tubular: capsule small, smooth 4 

Corolla funnelform, 3-5-lines long: limb purple: stamens unequal 6 

1. SOLANTJM, Tournefort. 

Corolla deeply 5-cleft, white or bluish: berries black or red.... 1, 2 

Corolla only 5-angled or slightly lobed, violet or blue # . 3, 4 

1. S. nigrum, L. Herbaceous: leaves mostly ovate, sinuate-toothed, acute. 

2. S. Douglasii, Dunal. Woody-stemmed: flowers 5-8 lines broad, often bluish. 

3. S. Xanti, Gr. Woody at base: hairs jointed: leaves mostly obtuse at base. 

4. S. umbelliferum, Esch. More woody: hairs branched: leaf -base mostly narrow, 

2. LYCEUM, Linnttus. 

1. Lw Calif ornicum, Nutt. Leaves fleshy, 1-3 lines long: flower parts in 4's. 

2. L. Andersoni, Gr. Leaves larger: flowers largei, 6-6 lines long. San Diego. 

3. DATURA. Linmeus. 

Calyx acutely 5-angled: fruit erect, ovoid 1, 2, 3 

Fruit nodding, globose *"*.... .4 

Calyx scarcely angled: corolla 5 or 6 in. long: fruit nodding globose 5 

1. D. Stramonium, L. Smooth: corolla white: lower prickles of capsule shorter. 

2. D. Tatula, L. Similar: Stems usually purple: corolla pale violet. 

3. D. quercifolia, HBK. Leaves sinuate pinnatifid: prickles unequal, flat. 



158 8CR0PHULARIACE.B 

4, D. discolor, Bernh. Corolla purplish: capsule and stout prickles pubescent, 
fi. D. meteloides, DO. Leaves entire or repand, one-sided: capsule large, S. Cal 

4. NICOTIANA, Tournefort. 

Very viscid, ill-scented herbs: flowers soon closing in sunshine. 

Corolla salverf orm, the limb 4 or 6 lines broad 1, 9 

Corolla tubular-f unnelf orm, white; stamens unequally inserted 3, 4 

Very smooth glaucous shrub: corolla tubular, greenish yellow 6 

1. N. Cleveland!, Gr. Corolla greenish white, violet tinged, an inch long. S. Cal 

2. N. attenuata, Torr. Calyx shorter: corolla longer, limb white. 

3. N. Bigelovii, Watson. Corolla 1-2 inches long, nearly as broad. 
Var. Wallacei, Gr. Corolla smaller: leaves often nearly clasping. S. Cal. 

4. N. quadrivalis, Pursh. Corolla broader than long: capsule globular. Or. EL 
Var. multivalis, Gr. Corolla often 2 in. broad, 5-8-lobed: capsule large. Or. 

5. N. glauca, Graham. Leaves long-petioled, subcordate. Naturalized. 3. Cal 

6. PETUNIA, Juss. 
1. P. parviflora, Juss. Spreading or prostrate on the sea shore. 



SCROPHULAEIACEJE. 

A. Leaves all or all but the lower ones alternate, rarely all radical. 

# Leaves simple and entire (except in No. 1 and 16): corolla sometimes nearly regular, upper 

lip not beak-like. 

Corolla 5-lobed, rotate: stamens 5; filaments woolly ., ••••• 1 

Corolla bilabiate, throat nearly closed: stamens 4. 

Base of corolla prolonged into a slender spur on lower side. 2 

Base of corolla swollen or saccate on lower side 3 

Corolla large, open bilabiate with dentate lobes: stamens 2 4 

Corolla nearly regular: stamens 4: leaves narrow, mostly radical . ......> 14 

Corolla large, campanu late-bilabiate, 4-lobed: stamens 4 15 

Corolla and calyx 4-lobed: flowers small: stamens 2. 

Leaves cordate-orbicular, all radical, scapes slender 16 

Leaves on the stem: corolla rotate, 4-lobed • • • 17 

• * Leaves or at least the bracts incisely lobed or pinnate: corolla tubular-bilabiate, closed* 

upper lip beak-like or compressed on the sides. 
Leaves or lobes not serrate: anther cells unequal or only one. 

Upper corolla-lip much surpassing the 3-toothed obscure lower lip 18 

Upper lip erect, much smaller than the 3-saccate, 3-toothed lower lip 19 

Lips of club-shaped corolla nearly equal: calyx 1-3 -leaved . . 20 



SCROPHULAKIACELE. 159 

Leaves or lobes serrate: anthers equally 2-celled. 

Upper lip or its beak exceeding the 3-toothed lower lip (except sp. 7). 21 

B, Leaves all opposite or whorled (rarely alternate above in No. 9). 

# Stamens 4 with anthers; sterile filament often rudimentary or none. 

Corolla declined: stamens and style infolded b> lower lip . . . 6 

Corolla small, lobes spreading: upper leaves 3-lobed or parted . 6 

Corolla erect, front lobe reflexed: scale in throat on upper side • . • 7 

Comlia etc. as in No. 9, but the seeds winged: odor rank 8 

Corolla open: sterile filament conspicuous: stigma entire 9 

Corolla-throat open or closed: no ete/ie filament: calyx 5-angled (except 1 sp.)-. 10 

Corolla blue or white, tube short, li>4 spreading, the upper emarginate 11 

# # Stamens 2 with anthers: flowers small: growing in wet ground. 
Calyx 5-parted into narrow, nearly equal divisions: corolla bilabiate. 

Sterile filaments simple or none: corolla small, whitish „ 12 

Sterile filaments forked: corolla violet or bluish 13 

Calyx 4-parted: corolla rotate, 4-lobecL 17 

1. VERB A SCUM, Linnaeus, 

1. V. Thapsns, L. Densely velvety- woolly, leaves decurrent: corolla yellow. 

2. V. ▼irgatum, With. Slender, green: filaments violet bearded or woolly. 

3. V. Blattaria, L. Similar but pedicels solitary and longer than calyx 

2. LIN ARIA, Tournefort. 
1. I* Oaaaden&is, Dumont. Straight, smooth: leaves narrow: flowers blue. 

3. ANTIRRHINUM, Tournefort 

• Erects S to 7 ft. high, leafy .flowers in a dense spike, light rose color*, filaments broadest at 

the top. 

Stems many from a perennial base, simple, glabrous, light green 1 

Stem stout, branching, very viscid- pubescent, 3-5 ft. high 3 

• " Branching with filiform axiUary branchlets which coil around objects: sepals unequal. 

Flowers in a more or less villous-viscid spike: bracts minute 5, 6, 7 

Flowers scattered along the stem and slender branches. 

Leaves on the main stem, ovate or subcordate 8, 9 

Leaves on main stem mostly narrow: corolla purple 10, 11 

• • • • Erect, nearly simple stems : peduncles slender, twisting around objects 19 

1. A. virga, Gr. Deflexed lower lip of corolla upward inflexed from middle. 

2. A. glandulosuxn, Lindley. Corolla with yellowish palate, Monterey S. 

3. A. cornutum, Benth. Filaments all broadest at top. Sac. Val., rare. 

4. A. leptaleum, Gr. Leaves rarely linear: style shorter than pod. Sac. Valley SL 



160 8CROPHULARIACE2E. 

6. A. Coulterianum, Benth. Leaves linear to oval, distinct: spike dense. 

0. A. Orcuttianum, Gr. More slender: spike loose: corolla smaller, 4 lines long. 

7. A. Nevinianuxn, Gr. Similar, bat seeds ribbed not honeycomb-pitted. 

8. A. sabcordatum, Gr. Leaves sessile, each subtending a flower and branchlet. 

9. A. Nuttalianum, Benth. Leaves petioled: pedicels often long as violet corolla. 

10. A. va grans, Gr. Very diffuse: broad upper sepal equaling corolla- tube. 
Var. Bolanderi, Gr. Leaves orbicular on branchlets: upper sepal broader. 

11. A. Breweri, Gr. Similar: slender corolla-tube exceeding upper sepaL N. GaL 

12. A. strictum, Gr. Corolla violet-purple, palate hairy. Santa Barbara. 

4. MOHAVEA, Gray. 
L 2SCL viacida, Gr» Very viscid: lower leaves opposite: corolla yellow, purple dotted. 

5. COULINSIA, Nuttall. 

• Flowers on short pedicels or sessile in axillary whorls, 6-8 lines long. 

Corolla strongly declined, the throat as broad as long, nearly or quite at right angles with 

the short tube: gland sessile 1, 2 

Corolla less declined, throat narrower, leaves obtuse 3, 4, 5 

* * Floioers but little longer ornot as long as the pedicels. 

Corolla usually more than 5 lines long, strongly declined sepals acute 6, 7, 8 

Corolla mostly less than 4 lines long: lips nearly equal: stems slender 9 to 12 

1. 0. bioolor, Benth. Upper corolla lip recurved, paler than the violet lower lip. 

2. O. tinctoria, Hartweg. Stains brown: corolla purple-striped, upper lip very short. 

3. 0. bartsieefolia, Benth. Leaves crenate, obtuse: calyx often white-hairy. 

4. O. corymb osa, Herder. Branching: flower clusters nearly capitate. N. Cal C'st. 

5. 0. Greenei, Gr. Corolla rich violet or lavender; upper lip short; side lobes smalL 

6. C. grandiilora, Dougl. Flowers in whorls of 3 to 9: lower lip deep blue or violet. 
Var. pusilla, Gr. Small form: corolla only 4 or 5 lines long, deeply colored. 

7. C. sparsiflora, F. & M. Slender: only upper flowers in 3's, J-§ in. long. 
Var. divaricata. Only 2 or 3 in. high: flowers smaller, solitary. S. F. Bay. 

8. C. linearis, Gr. Faniculately branched: leaves very slender: pale corolla dark* 
dotted. N. CaL 

9. C. parvinora, Dougl. Often diffuse: corolla little exserted, 2 or 3 lines long. 

10. C. Rattani, Gr. Stem strict, mostly simple: corolla lips violet, 1-2 lines long. 

11. C. Childii, Parry. Stem similar: corolla light blue. In forests S. CaL 

12. 0. Torreyi, Gr. Much branched: flowers in 3's and 6's, blue or violet. 

6. TONELXA, NuttalL 
1. T. coUinsioides, Nutt. Diffuse: flowers on slender pedicels, a line long. 



8CR0PHULARIACEJL 161 

7. SCROPHULABIA, Tournefort. 
lu fik Calif ornica, Cham. Stems square: flowers dull purple, 3-4 lines long. 

8. CHELONE, Linnaeus. 
L 0. nemorosa, DougL Corolla violet-purple. In woods, Or., northward. 

9. PENTSTEMON, Mitchell, 
g 1. Anther-cells soon widely separating at base, united more or lees completely at Gop» 
splitting open nearly or quite the whole length. 

• Anthers densely wooUy, becoming shield-shaped after shedding poUen. , 1 

# * Anthers glabrous, splitting through the apex and spreading out: stems branching and 

shrubby , at least below: leaves leathery or parchment-like, mostly small, and sJiort- 

petioled: filaments all hairy at base. 
Corolla scarlet, narrow-tubular, its upper lip erect and the lower more or less spreading: 

sterile filament bearded down one side. 

Leaves subcordate or ovate acutely toothed, 1 in. long or less 2 

Leaves oblong or oval J to 2 in. long, often canescent 8 

Leaves slender, rigid, acutely toothed, glaucous , 4 

Corolla yellow or yellowish, purple-tinged, not an inch long, the gaping limb longer than 

the tube (except No. 7): upper lip concave, lower recurved. 

Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, denticulate , 5 

Leaves similar, yellowish green, remotely serrate » . 6 

Leaves spatula te or oval, entire, 6 lines long or less 7 

• * # Anthers with spreading distinct cells splitting from base nearly to the top: corolla 

scarcely bilabiate, blue or purple. 

Leaves mostly oblong-lanceolate, glaucous ............... 8 

* * * * Anthers splitting open Jrom base through the united apex. 
Glaucous or pale and glabrous: leaves leathery or thick: corolla 9-12 lines long. 

Stems thick, 1 to 3 ft. high: leaves mostly ovate-lanceolate, entire 9 

Taller: leaves thinner; upper pairs acuminate, united, acutely dentate • . 10 

Similar but leaves thicker: corolla crimson, 9 lines long, throat narrow 11 

Leaves 1£ to 4 in. long, the upper often united: corolla cream-white, pinkish. . 12 
Corolla 8 lines long or less (more in 13): thyrsus viscid in 13, 14, 16, 18. 

Corolla somewhat bilabiate lower lip and sterile filament hairy. . . 18, 14, 15, 16 

Corolla funnelform or tubular: sterile filament nearly or quite naked 17, 18 

| 2. Anthers sagittate or horse-shoe shaped, the cells opening by a continuous cleft 
around the apex which reaches about half way to the bases of the cells, these remain- 
ing closed and saccate, sometimes hairy but never woolly: corolla some shade of 
purple and blue, from rose purple to lavender (scarlet red in the last). 

* 8 'oft-pubescent , viscid, stout: radical leaves 6-8 inches long 19 

11 



162 SCROPHULARIACKjR. 



• • 



Glabrous, orinHorescensepuberulent or viscid: leaves toothed or pinnatifid' sterile filament 
hairy: corolla funnel/orm, moderately bilibiate. 

Corolla over an inch long, lobes and all the stamens sparsely hairy 20 

Corolla an inch long or usually less 21, 22, 23 

* * * Glabrous orpuberlent: leaves all entire. 

Corolla 6 lines long, slender: sterile filaments bearded • 24 

Corolla short bilabiate, 8 to 18 lines long: sterile filament naked. 

Calyx glandular or viscid: leaves lanceolate to spa tu late 25, 26 

Calyx not glandular or viscid: thyrsus usually narrow 27, 28, 29 

1. P. Menziesii, Hooker. Leaves 3-12 lines long: corolla violet to pink. Cal. N. 
Var. Newberryi, Gr. Corolla rose-purple or pink. Southern Sierras. 

2. P. cordifolius, Benth. Climbing over bushes, very leafy. San Luis Obispo, S. 
S. P. corymbosus, Benth. Erect, 1 or 2 ft. high, leafy: cyme corymbose. 

4. P. ternatus, Torr. Branches slender: upper leaves in 3's. Kern Co. S. 

5. P. breviflorus, Lindl. Sterile filament naked. Sierra Nevada. 

6. P. Lemmoni, Gr. Paniculate: sterile filament yellow bearded. N. Cent. Cat 

7. P. antirrhinoides, Benth. Branched, leafy, paniculate: corolla pale yellow. 

8. P. glaber, Pursh. Wide corolla 1 to li in. long. Sierras eastward. 

9. P. centrantbifolius, Benth. Very glaucous: corolla tubular, bright scarlet 

10. P. spectabilis, Thurber. Corolla rose-purple or lilac, the limb violet. 

11. P. Cleveland!, Gr. Corolla crimson, 9 lines long: sterile filaments bearded. 

12. P. Palmeri, Gr. Corolla 8-9 lines broad: sterile fil. densely yellow-bearded* 

13. P. Rattani, Gr. Leaves 3-8 in. long, denticulate: corolla pale purple. N. W. Ca 
Var. minor, Gr. Smaller: corolla 6-7 lines long. Klamath and Trinity R. 

Var. Kleei, Gr. Between the foregoing in size. High peak near Santa Crux. 

14. P. pruinosus, Dougl. Pubescent: corolla deep blue, hairy. Or. Wash. 

15. P. ovatus, Dougl. Pubescent: leaves ovate, serrate, green: corolla purple bine. 

16. P. confer tus, Dougl. Thyrsus in 2-5 dense whorls: corolla yellowish, small. 

17. P. deustus, Dougl. Tufted, woody at base: corolla yellow to dull white. 

18. P. heterodoxus, Gr. Leaves obtuse, entire. Near Donner Pass, Cal. 

19. P. glandulosus, Lindl. Corolla lilac: sterile filaments naked. Or. Wash. 

20. P. venustus, Dougl. Leaves closely serrate: sepals small. Or. 

21. P. dififusus, Dougl. Often diffuse: leaves unequally serrate. Or. Wash* 

22. P. Richard soni, Dougl. Leaves incised or laciniate-pinnatifid. Or. 

23. P. triphyllus, Dougl. Leaves lonceolate or linear, rigid, often laciniatew 

24. P. gracilentus, Gr. Peduncles and calyx viscid. Mts. N. Cal., Or. 

25. P. laetus, Gr. Ashy-pubescent: corolla an inch long blue. Mts. CaL 

26. P. Roezli, Kegel. Smaller: corolla smaller, paler. Sierra Nev. to Or. 

27. P. azureus, Benth. Glaucous; leaves ovate or narrower: corolla broad. 
Var. Jafirayanus, Gr. Low broad-leaved form in the Sierras. 

Var. parvulus, Gr. Broad leaves an inch or less long: corolla 9 lines long. Aipfna 



8CB0PHULARIACELS. ^^3 

Var. angustissimus, Gr. Leaves very slender. Yoaemite Valley, etc. 

28. P. heterophyllus, Lindl. Similar: buds often yellowish, W. CaL 

29. P. Bridges ii, Gr. Thyrsus one-sided: corolla lips long. S. Sierra*. 

10. MIMT7LUS, Linnaeus. 

* Corolla buff, salmon-color or orange, large: a viscid shrub, • • . • • 1 

• # Corolla-limb rose or crimson-purple (scarlet in No* 17): sticky viscid or slimy (foes so in 

8, 10, 17, 18, 88); often ill scented. 

a. Style pubescent above; stigma unequally lobed or entire, usually peltate-funnelformi 
flowers sessile or nearly so. 

Corolla- tube long, slender; lower lip very short; upper lip erect 5 

Corolla scarcely exserted, 3-4 lines long: capsule much exserted 6 

Corolla exceeding £ inch; lower lip shorter; throat dark or yellow ^ 8 

Corolla trumpet shape, 6-9 lines broad, crimson: calyx hardly oblique 10 

Corolla similar, 6 lines long, 4-5 lines broad, deep red: calyx oblique. 11 

Corolla nearly funnelform, 2-6 lines long, crimson: calyx-teeth spreading 12 

Corolla 6-9 lines long: calyx-teeth obtuse, nearly equal 13 

Corolla often an inch long: calyx-teeth very unequal, acute: very viscid 14 

Corolla oblique-salverform, white, crimson-veined , 16 

b. Style smooth; stigma of 2 equal flat lobes which upon irritation close: flowers on long 
or short peduncles. 

Corolla oblique-bilabiate, exceeding 1 inch, lobes reflexed, scarlet 17 

Corolla open-bilabiate, 1J-2 inches long, lobes spreading, rose-color 18 

Corolla little surpassing calyx; very slimy- villous 84 

Corolla 2-3 lines long; lower lip entire, upper 2 lobed 88 

* * * Corolla-limb rose or crimson-purple: not viscid, or very slightly so. 

a. Almost stemless: corolla-tube long and slender: style pubescent. 

Flowers erect, sessile, surpassing the leaves, 1-2 inches long 2, 8, 4 

b. Stems much longer than the flowers: style smooth; stigma equally 2-lobed, lobes flat 
and often closed 18, 80, 88, 89 

• * « * (jorQiia ydXow, often spotted: viscid or slimy. 

Corolla- throat often purple-tinged or dotted: odor strong, fetid. 7 

Corolla 1 inch long or longer, nearly as broad, lobes subequal 15 

Corolla 3-9 lines long: peduncles scape-like: leaves rosulate-crowded 10 

Corolla J-l inch long: slimy, musky, spreading and creeping 20 

Corolla i-| inch long: fruiting calyx J inch long, mouth closed 27 

Corolla |- J inch long: fruiting calyx on long peduncle, lower teeth shortest 29 

Corolla light yellow, limb often pinkish: petioles margined 81 

Corolla as broad as long (J inch): peduncles much exceeding oval leaves. 82 

Corolla narrower, I •£ inch long: peduncles little exceeding the leaves. *...< 83 



164 8CE0PHULAR1ACKA 

Corolla-tube d arrow, exserted; throat and bearded lip gpottea 36 

Corolla 3-4 lines long, lobes nearly equal, often a pair of spots ^ 40 

• • • • « QoroHa yellow, often spotted, not viscid. 

Leaves ovate to oblong: rootstocks tuber bearing: corolla \ inch broad 21 

Leaves similar, coarsely serrate, acute: corolla orange-yellow, 1 inch broad 22 

Lower leaves broad, acutely and irregularly dentate or laciniate 23 

Lower leaves narrow, petioled, thick, shining, denticulate, small. 24 

Lower leaves clasping, the others orbicular-perfoliate, glaucous 25 

Leaves mostly basal: stem wing-angled: upper calyx- tooth prominent 26 

Leaves very small, often purplish: diffuse: peduncles spreading. 27 

Leaves narrow, laciniately lobed: corolla pale, 2-4 lines long: diffuse 28 

Leaves narrow, entire: corolla \ in. broad, purple dotted; lip bearded 36 

Leaves narrow, entire: corolla 2-3 lines long: lobes all notched 37 

Leaves entire, soft-hairy: diffuse: corolla with 2 brownish spots. - 40 

• •••«« (nr ar0 ^ a w hn t or w hit e an d yellow, often purple-marked. 

White or yellowish, throat with 8 or 10 purple stripes 9 

White purple or yellowish, 3-6 lines long: calyx-teeth very short 30 

White, veined with crimson, oblique salverform 16 

Yellow with white or pinkish border, J in. long: viscidulous 31 

Upper lip white, lower yellow, purple dotted: viscid. 35 

i 1. DEPLACU3, Gr. Shrubs 3-5 ft. high: glutinous-viscid. 

1. M. glutinosus, Wendl. Variable. Common in Central and W. CaL 

| 2. G2NOE, Gr. Corolla 1-2 in. long; tube long exserted, slender: capsule 1-sided. 

2. M. tricolor, Lindl. Corolla limb with 5 crimson spots, palate yellow. 

3. M. angustatus, Gr. Similar: corolla tube 3-8 times as long as the short throat. 

4. M. Donglasii, Gr. Upper corolla lip erect, lower almost none: stemless. 

5. If. Xelloggii, Curran. Becoming a span or a ft high: lower lip larger. CaL 

§ 3. EUNANTJS, Gr. Style glandular: capsule not 1-sided. 

6. ML, Rattani, Gr. A span high: calyx very viscid. Mt. Tamalpais and Lake 
Co., CaL 

7. M. mepniticus, Greene. Corolla 6-8 lines long. Sierra Nevada. 

8. BL nanus, H. & A. A span high or less, blossoming from near base. CaL, N. 

9. M, Whitneyi, Gr. Dwarf, 1 or 2 in. high: corolla £ in. long. Alpine, CaL 

10. M. Fremonti, Gr. Leaves narrow: corolla rarely white. Common in S. CaL 

11. M. subsecundus, Gr. Diffuse: flowers spicate, turned to one side. CaL 

12. M. leptaleus, Gr. A span or less high, often depauperate. Mts., CaL 

13. M. Torreyi, Gr. A span or more high, simple or branching. S. N. Mts. 

U. M. Bolanderi, Gr. Very viscid, strong scented, 1-3 ft high, simple. Cent. CaL 



8CB0PHULABIACEJE. 165 

LA, SL brevipes, Benth. Very viscid, 1-2 ft. high: leave* ■lender. Monterey, 6L 

| 4. Ibjlhi u -LiASTRUM, Gr. Corolla throat contracted at month: limb rotate. 

16. BL pictua, Gr. Simple sterna or basal branches erect Tehachapi, CaL 

| 5. BUMDCULUS, Gr. Calyx plicately angled: style smooth; stigma-lobes flat, 

17. M. cardinalis, Dongl. Viscid -villous, 2-4 ft high: leaves ovate, erose, 

18. H Lewisii, Porsh. More slender, greener. Snbalpine. Cal.-Or. 

19. X. primuloides, Benth. Scapes 1-4 in. long: light green. S. N. Mts. 

20. M. moachatus, Dongl. Stems 1-3 ft long: leaves oblong-ovate, 1-2 in. long. 
Var. longiflorua, Gr. Less viscid, corolla longer. 

Var. sessilifolius, Gr. Leaves sessile: corolla 1 in. long. M. inodorous, Greene. 

21. M. moniliformis, Greene. Leaves sparingly denticulate, S. N. Mts. 

22. M. dentatus, Nutt, Simple stems a foot high or less. Humboldt Bay, N. 

23. M. luteus, L. Erect, J to 4 ft. high: corolla large; palate prominent. 

24. M. Scouleri, Hook. Erect, 1-2 ft. high: flowers smaller. Columbia B* 

25. M. glaucescens, Greene. Corolla 1 in. long and broad, not dotted. 8. Iff. MtsV 

26. M. naautua, Greene. Corolla short, often with a spot Common. 

27. M. nudatus, Curran. Corolla J-j in. long, deep yellow. CaL 

28. M. laciniatus, Gr. Slender: £-1 ft high. Merced K., CaL 

29. M. alsinoides, Dongl. Slender, branching, 3-12 in. high. Moist rocks. 

30. M. inconspicuua, Gr. Leaves ovate or narrower, entire, J in. long or leas* 
Var. acntidens, Gr. Calyx-teeth subulate: leaves denticulate. King's R. 
Var. latidens, Gr. Calyx-teeth triangular ovate. Monte Diablo, S. 

31. M. Pulsiferaa, Gr. Branching, 6-8 in. high: leaves 3-nerved. N. Cal. toW. 

32. M. peduncularis, Dongl. Erect, slender: leaves J- J in. long. Columbia &, 

33. M. floribundus, Dougl. Similar, slimy, musky. Common. 

34. M. Parishii, Greene. Stout, erect, 1-2 ft. high, leafy. Los Angeles, S. 

35. Iff. bicolor, Hartweg. Leaves small: calyx ribbed. Foot-hills, S. N. Mts. 

36. M. montioides, Gr. Branching from base or simple: leaves slender. S. N. Mts, 

37. M. Suksdorfii, Gr. Leaves often reddish, J- J in. long. Cascade and S. N. Nfca 

38. Iff. rubellus, Gr. Leaves lanceolate, £-1} in. long. Cascade and S. N. Mts. 

39. M. Palmeri, Gr. Leaves narrow: corolla -limb nearly rotate. S. E. CaL 

Var. androsaceus, Gr. 2f. androtaeeus, Curran. Much branched: leaves broader 
corolla smaller, 3-6 lines long. S. E. CaL 

§ 6. MLLMLULOLDBS, Gr. Calyx deeply cleft, almost nerveless. 

40. XL eadlis, Durand. M. pilosus, Watson. Much branched, leafy, very ttoriferots* 
Common in Cal. 



156 8CR0PHULARIACEiB. 

11. HERPESTIS, C. T. Gseertner. 
L H. rotundifolia, Pursh. Creeping in wet places: leaves obovate, Fresno, Oal 

12. GBATIOLA, Linnaeus. 
1. G. ebracteata, Benth. Leaves lanceolate: sepals equaling corolla* 
& O. Virginiana, L. More viscid: leaves broader: calyx much shorter. 

13. ELYSANTHES, Rafinesque. 
L I* gratioloides, Benth. Diffuse: leaves ovate or oblong: corolla J in. long. 

14. LmOSEIXA, Linnams. 
L I*. aquatica, L, Tufts 1-2 in. high: leaves fleshy, slender: semi -aquatic, 

15. DIGIT ALTS, Linnaeus. 

L 3>. purpurea, L. Tall stems with terminal spike of rose or white flowers mostly 
■potted. The common Foxglove now naturalized. Humboldt Bay to Or. 

16. SYNTHYRIS, Bentham. 

1. 8. rotundifolia; Gr. Scapes naked 3-4 in. high, not exceeding leaves. Or. 
Var. cordata, Gr. Leaves smaller, cordate, simply crenate. N. W. Cal. 

2. 8. reniformis, Benth. Scapes bracteate, surpassing leaves, pedicels shorter. Or. 

17. VERONICA, Linnaeus. 
* Perennials subaquatic: racemes in the axils of opposite leaves: corolla blue. 

Anagallis, L. Leaves sessile oblong-lanceolate, subclasping. 
Americana, Schweinitz. Leaves often petioled, broader. Common* 
scutellata, L. Slender: leaves sessile, linear or lanceolate, acute. 

* * Perennials: racemes terminal: leaves broody an inch long or less. 
Cusickii, Gr. Stems erect 3-4 in. high, leafy: naked peduncle 3-9-flowered. 
alpina, L. Not so leafy: racemes dense: corolla smaller, 2-3 lines broad. 
serpyllifolia, L. Stems creeping and branching: spike-like raceme leafy. 

* * * Lower annuals: fiowers in the axils of mostly alternate leaves. 
peregrina, L. Nearly glabrous, erect, branching: flowers small, 
arvensis, L. Pubescent, soon spreading: lower leaves crenate. 
Buxbauxnii, Tenore. Very pubescent decumbent; pedicels long. SL E. Bay. 

18. CASTTXLEIA, Mutis. 

Leaves and bracts all linear-lanceolate and entire: calyx all green. - . 1 

Leaves mostly entire, narrow: calyx deeper cleft before than behind, mostly rod; corolla 
li-2 in. long; upper lip (galea) |-1 in. long $• 9 



L 


V. 


2. 


V. 


S. 


V. 


4. 


V. 


6. 


V. 


a. 


V. 


7. 


V. 


8. 


V. 


9. 


V. 



SCR0PHULARIACRS1. 167 

Calyx about equally cleft before and behind: floral bracts more or less dilated, red vary* 
ing to yellow or whitish. 

Galea (upper lip) as long or longer than the tube, lip very short 4, 6, 6 

Galea hardly as long as tube: leaves linear, entire, white- woolly 7 

Galea much shorter than tube, about twice as long as the lip 8, 

1. 0. stenantha, Gr. Slender: corolla 1-1 J in. long. Cent, to S. Cal. 

2. C. afflnis, H. <fc A. Calyx cleft twice as deep before as behind. CaL Coast. 

3. C. linearifolia, Gr. Calyx cleft much deeper before. S. N. Mts. 

4. C. latifolia, fl. & A. Diffuse, viscid- villous; leaves broad, obtuse. Cal. 

5. C. parviflora, Bong. Leaves laciniate-cleft or entire: galea partly exserted. 

6. 0. miniata, Dougl. Leaves and bracts mostly entire: galea more exserted. 

7. 0. foliolosa, H. & A. Many stems from woody base leaves crowded. CaL Coast 

8. 0. pallida, Benth, var. occidentals, Gr. Flowers whitish: low: alpine. 
& 0. Lemmoni, Gr. Taller: spike dense, reddish. Sierra Co., CaL 

19. ORTHOCARPUS, NuttalL 

§ 1. Castilleoides, Gr. Lip of the corolla simply or somewhat triply saccate the lobe* 
(teeth) erect: anthers all 2-celled: bracts with colored tips. 

Perennial: very leafy: leaves mostly 3-5-parted: galea obtuse • 1 

Annual (as are all the remaining species): galea nearly straight 2, 3, 4 

Galea densely bearded, incurved at apex: filaments hairy 5 

§ 2. Corolla-lip simply saccate; teeth inconspicuous or wanting: galea ovate-triangular: 
anthers 2-celled. 

Bracts colored, dilated: corolla rose-purple 6, 7 

Bracts not colored, leaf -like, 3-5-cleft, lobes acute. 8, 9 

g 3. Triphysaria, Benth. Corolla-lip conspicuously 3-saccate, teeth minute or small; 
tube slender: bracts all similar to the leaves. 

Slender, diffusely spreading: minute flowers in nearly all the axils 10 

Stems erect, often corymbosely or fastigiately branched. 

Stamens soon exserted: spikes of yellowish or white flowers dense. 11 

Stamens included; anthers 1-celled: leaf divisions filiform 12, 13 

Stamens included; anthers 2-celled but lower cell often imperfect 14, 15 

Stamens included; anthers 2-celled: stems strict, often simple. 

Very leafy and hirsute above: spike very dense; bracts broad. 16 

Spikes leafy: corolla yellow; sacs 2 lines long: viscid 17 

corolla white sacs 1-2 lines deep 18, 19 

1. O. pilosus, Watson. Sierra Nevada above 5000 ft. to Mts. of Oregon. 

2, 0. attenuatus, Gr. Slender: spike of pale flowers very slender. Coast. 
8» O. densiflorus, Benth. Spikes dense: leaves entire or few-lobed. Cal. 

4 O. castilleioides, Benth. Spikes shorter: leaves mostly laciniate. Coast. 



168 SCROPHULARIACEJS. 

6. O. purpurascens, Benth. Crimson or rose-color spikes showy. CaL 

6. O. ixnbricatus, Torr. Slender: cor. hardly J inch long. S. N. and Cascade Mts, 

7. O. pachystachyns, Gr. Low, stout: cor. over 1 inch long, galea hooked. N. CaL 

8. O. bracteosus, Benth. Hirsute, strict: corolla rose-purple. Br. Col. to CaL 

9. O. luteus, Nutt. Corolla golden yellow: galea obtuse straight. S. N. Mts, 

10. O. pusillus, Benth. Leaves 3-5-parted into filiform lobes, often brownish. 

11. O. floribundus, Benth. Erect 3-8 in. high: corolla £ in. long. S. P. Bay. 

12. O. erianthus, Benth. Corolla sulphur-yellow; galea dark. Cal. Coast. 
Var. laevis, Gr. Often a foot high: corolla yellow to white: galea pale. 
Var. roseus, Gr. Corolla larger, white or rose-color. San Francisco. 

13. O. BidwelliaB, Gr. Similar: smaller m every way. Sacramento Valley. 
Var. micrantlius, Gr. Still smaller: lip a line broad. Fresno Co., Cal. 

14. O. gracilis, Benth. Bracts with purplish tips: corolla purplish. Rare. 

15. O. campestris, Benth. 2-4 in. high: leaves mostly entire: corolla white, 

16. O. lithospermoides, Benth. Corolla yellow or rose-tinged, large. 

17. O. laceras, Benth. Hairy leaves and bracts 3-7-cleft. S. N. Mts. and Sao. VaL 

18. O. hispidus, Benth. Soft-hairy: spike slender. Or. and Cal. 

19. O. linearilobus, Benth. Hirsute, stouter, more branched. Cent. Cal. 

20. CORDYLANTHTJS, Nuttall. 

• Calyx £ -leaved: flowers short-peduncled or sessile subtended by £-4 braetleU: stamens $\ 

filaments hairy: corolla nearly included. 

Leaves mostly 3-5-parted, the upper and bracts hispid-ciliate 1 

Leaves entire except the 3-parted bracts: soft villous 2 

Leaves entire very slender; bracts obtusely 3 5-lobed, fan -shaped 3 

Leaves entire very slender: flowers scattered on slender branches 4 

# ■ Calyx of one posterior leaf: ffowers in short spikes, sessile in the axils of clasping braetix 

no bractlets: low salt-marsh plants «... 5, 6 

1 . C. filifoliua. Nutt. Corolla over £ in. long, purplish. Cal. 

2. C. pilosus, Gr. Tall: viscidulous flowers few in clusters or solitary. 
Var. Bolanderi, Gr. Lower, more viscid: flowers all scattered. 

3. C. Pringlei, Gr. Corolla 4-5 lines long, pale yellow. Clear Lake, CaL 

4. 0. tenuis, Gr. Paniculate, 1-2 ft. high. Central Cal. 
6. 0. mollis, Gr. Stamens 2: anthers 2 -celled. S. F. Bay. 

6. 0. maritimus, Nutt. Stamens 4. San Diego to Humboldt Bay. 

21. PEDICULARIS, Tournefort 

Galea with a slender projecting or upturned beak: corolla dull rose or crimson: spike 

naked. Alpine in S. N. Mts 1, 2 

Galea with incurved beak: corolla white or whitish 3, 4, 5 

Galea falcate with subulate beak: a pair of stem leaves 6 



*. 


p. 


3, 


p. 


4. 


p. 


6. 


p. 


6. 


p. 


7. 


p. 


8. 


p. 


a 


p. 



SCROPHULABIACKiB. 169 

Galea not beaked; leaves pinnately-parted, lobes pinnatifid 7, 8, 9 

1. P. Groenlandica, Retz. Spike glabrous: corolla J in. and beak J ixu long. 
attollens, Gr. Spike woolly; beak of galea 2-8 lines long, 
contorta, Benth. Leaves pinnate, linear lobes incised. Or. 
racemosa, Dougl. Leaves undivided, crenate: raceme leafy. Snbalpino. 
Howellii, Gr. Leaves entire, serrate or pinnate. Siskiyou Mts, 
ornithorhyncha, Benth. Spike interrupted: calyx inflated. Mt Taooma, 
palustris, L. (Var.) Calyx 2-cleft: corolla £ in. long, purplish. 
Semibarbata, Gr. Nearly stemless: spikes sessile. Mts. Cal. 
densifiora, Benth. Corolla scarlet or crimson; galea J in long. 



OROBANCHACEiE. 

1. APHTLLON, Mitchell 
Scapes oar long pedunoles from a scaly, fleshy root stock or short stem*. ..•••..»••* 8, 1 
Stems rfcing above ground: pedicels shorter than the flower or none* 

Flowers an inch or more long on distinct pedicels 3, 4 

Flowers nearly sessile, about £ in. long: anthers glabrous 4, 5 

1. A. uniflorum, Gr. Scapes few: corolla often violet tinged: calyx lobes slender* 

2. A. fasciculatum, Gr. Peduncles often many: corolla yellow: calyx lobes short. 

3. A. comosum, Gr. Calyx-lobes half as long as pink or purple corolla. 

4. A. Calif ornicum, Gr. Calyx-lobes and brae tie ts nearly equaling corolla. 
G. A. tuberosum, Gr. Stems thick, 1-3 in. high: flowers densely crowded. 
6. A. pinetorum, Gr. More slender, £-1 ft. high: flowers looser. Oregon. 

2. BOSCHNTA-RTTA, C. A. Meyer. 
L & fttrobiLacea, Gr. A thick, brownish red spike of striped flowem 



LENTIBULARIACEJE. 

L X7TBICX7LAKIA, Linnaeus. 
Stems stout, densely leafy: leaves 2-3-pinnate, very bladdery. ..••••«••«•*• •* . •♦....• 1 

Stems Aliform: leaves scattered, repeatedly forked, bristly ••«.. 8 

Stems slender : leaves 2-ranked, not bladdery, Corking * . .♦ 8 

1. XT. vulgaris, L. Scapes 5-16-flowered: corolla 4 in broad or more. 

2. XI. minor, L. Scapes 3-7 in. high: corolla 2-3 lines broad: spur short. 

3. TJ. intermedia, Hayne. Scape 1-4-flowered: corolla J in. broad. 



170 LABIAT.B. 

VERBENACEJ). 

Corolla nearly equally Mobed : calyx 5- toothed : small flowers In spikes 1 

Corolla bilabiate, 4-lobed: calyx 2-cleft: small heads on slender peduncles ~... 8 

1. VERBENA, Tournefort. 

1. V. officinalis, L. Spikes filiform, bracts minute: leaves pinnatifid. 

2. V. polystachya, HBK. Leaves serrate: corolla a line broad. Hare. 

3. V, hastata, L. Erect, 3-6 ft high: leaves coarsely serrate, petiolecL 

4. V. prostata, R. Br. Diffuse, spreading, hairy: corolla 2 lines broad. 

5. V. bracteosa, Michx. Similar, but rigid bracts exceeding smaller flowers, 

2. LIPPIA, Linnaeus. 
L Xa. nodiflora, Michx. Creeping: peduncles 1-4 in. long: flowers rose to white. 



LABIATJE. 

| 1. Stamens 4, coiled in the bud, much exserted through a cleft in the upper lip: leaves 

entire: corolla and curved filaments blue or purple 1 

2. Stamens erect or ascending, the posterior pair shorter or wanting: anther-cells 
short, close together or united: upper lip of corolla not concave or hooded (except 
In No. 9). 
• Corolla mall, almost equally 4-lobed: axillary flowers in dense whorl-like clustery the uppci 

axils flowerless. 

Stamens 4, nearly equal, all perfect: calyx 5 toothed 2 

Stamens 2, with anthers, posterior pair sterile or wanting. 8 

* * Corolla bilabiate: stamens 4> 
Flowers capitate: calyx equally 5- toothed: stamens distinct, straight. 

Upper lip of corolla entire or merely notched 4 

Upper lip 2-cleft: stamens exserted 6 

Flowers solitary or in clusters, axillary: curved stamens all perfect. 

Flowers small, white or purple: not £ in. long 

Flowers over an inch long, orange; peduncles bracteate 7 

Flowers in oblong heads or interrupted spikes, blue or purple 8 

Flowers in axillary clusters, rose and white: upper anthers imperfect 9 

Flowers with white or purplish corolla an inch long: stamens perfect 10 

§ 3. Stamens 2, the upper pair rudimentary or wanting: anthers 1 -celled or with 2 cells 
widely separated on the ends of a filament-like connective: flowers in dense terminal 
heads or globose whorls (except sp. 8 of JNo. is*. 
Connective versatile upon the short filament. Leaves pinnatifid 11 



1. 


T, 


2. 


T. 


3. 


T. 


4. 


T. 



LABI AT A 171 

Connective Joined to the filament by one end; only one anther cell. •••••••••« m 

| 4. Stamens 4, perfect: corolla bilabiate: calyx 15 nerved. 

Flowers in oblong pednncled heads, pale violet: stamens exserted * • . 13 

§ 5. Stamens 4, perfect, ascending under the concave or hooded upper lip. 

Calyx with a projection on upper side: flowers solitary axillary • 14 

Calyx purple-tinged, upper teeth broad, obtuse, lower two lanceolate 15 

Calyx 10- toothed, the shorter 5 teeth spiny, recurved: corolla small, white 16 

Calyx nearly equally 5- toothed: flowers in whorls or interrupted spikes. .••••.•••... 17 

1. TBJCHOSTEM A , Gronovius. 

oblongum, Benth. Corolla-tube shorter than the calyx. Or.-CaL 

laxum, Or. Diffuse: leaves petioled: cymes peduncled, often forked. 

lanceolatum, Benth. Gray-green: leaves crowded, sessile. Or.-CaL 

ovatum, Curraa. Leaves round -ovate: calyx densely villous. S. CaL 

5. T. lanatum, Benth. Shrubby: leaves narrow: corolla woolly. Santa Barbara, & 

2. MENTHA, Linnaeus. 
1. M. Canadensis, L. Villous: leaves oblong-ovate or narrower. 
Var. glabrata, Benth. The similar serrate acute leaves nearly glabrous, 

3. LYCOPUS, Tournefort 

1. Xi. Virginicus, L. Stem obtuse-angled: sterile filament minute. Or. 

2. 1». lucidus, Turcz, var. Americanus, Gr. Stem acute -angled, stoat: runners 
tuberiferous: calyx-teeth slender, equaling corolla. 

3. I*, sinuatus, Ell. Leaves mostly incised or pinnatifld. N. CaL, Or. 

4. PYCNANTHEMTJM, Michaux. 
1. P. Galifornicum, Torr. Leaves ovate or narrower, sessile, 1-3 in. long. 

5. MONARDELLA, Bentham. 

| 1. Calyx over J in. long: corolla- tube much longer than the lobes 1, S 

| 2. Calyx J. J in. long: corolla-tube but little longer than the linear or oblong flat lobes* 

flowers in dense involucrate heads. 

* Tufted: corolla flesh-color to rose, lobes linear: calyx-teeth soft. 

Leaves ovate to lanceolate, petioled, pinnately veined: bracts obtuse • 8, 4, 5 

Leaves linear to oblong, entire, J- J in. long, upper subsessile 6, 7 

* * Annuals loosely branching: leaves entire or undulate, rather distinct, narrowed into a 

petiole: calyx-teeth with margined nerve- 
Bracts rigidly cuspidate white and transparent except tne veins. 8, 



17- LABIAM5. 

Bracts acute or obtuse nervose, less transparent or the outer green. 10, 11 

Bracts broadly ovate, white-scarious, nervose with cross veins: corolla white or noarly so, 
only 3 or 4 lines long: calyx-teeth with scarious tips 12, 13 

1. M. mac rant ha, Gr. Orange red or scarlet corolla 1-1 J in. long. San Diego. 

2. M. nana, Gr. Similar, more hairy: corolla white, rose-tinged, smaller. S. Cal. 

3. M. hypoleuca, Gr. Densely white-tomentose: bracts nervose. S. E. Cal. 

4. M. villosa, Benth. Soft-hairy or glabrate: bracts pinnately veined. Western CaL 

5. M. odoratissima, Benth. Nearly glabrous: bracts thin, whitish or purplish. 

6. M. linoides, Gr. Ashy-pubescent: bracts scarious, white, pinkish. S. Cal. 

7. M. Palmeri, Gr. Green: bracts very obtuse: otherwise like the last. S. CaL 

8. M. Douglasii, Benth. Bracts silvery between pinnate nerves and margin. 

9. M. Breweri, Gr. Bracts broader, less translucent, wanting marginal nerve. 

10. M. lanceolata, Gr. Bracts acute, cross veinlets between the nerves. 

11. M. undulata, Benth. Bracts broadly ovate, not cross-veined. Coast. 

12. M. candicans, Benth. Bracts with greenish nerves. Cent. CaL 

13. M. leucocephala, Gr. Bracts whiter, lightly nerved calyx-teeth slender. 

6. MICROMERIA, Bentham. 

1, M. Douglasii, Benth. Creeping: leaves round-ovate: pedicels slender. Coast. 

2. l&L purpurea, Gr. Erect: leaves lanceolate: flowers in dense clusters 

7. CALAMINTHA, Tournefort. 
L 0. xnimuloides, Benth. Hirsute, viscidulous. Monterey Bay. 

8. POGOGYNE, Bentham. 

Stamens all perfect: stigmas nearly equal: corolla J-| in. long. 1, 9, 8 

Stamens 2 perfect: stigmas very unequal: corolla J in. long 4, 5 

1. P. Douglasii, Benth. Spikes oblong, white-hispid, bracts acute. 

2. P. parviflora, Benth. Smaller; bracts mostly obtuse. S. P. Bay, N. 

3. P. nudiuscula, Gr. Flowers in whorl-like clusters: bracts less hispid. S. CaL 

4. P. ziziphoroides, Benth. Flowers mostly in heads or short spikes. 

5. P. serpylloides, Gr. Flowers in whorls or long interrupted spikes. 

9. ACANTHOMINTHA, Gray. 

1. A. ilicifolia. Gr. Rigid, 3-6 in. high: leaves broad, often cuspidate-toothed. 

2. A. lanceolata, Curran. Taller: leaves lanceolate: flowers larger, an inch long. 

10. SPHACELE, Bentham. 
It S. calycina, Benth. Shrubby: leaves rugose: hairy ring in corolla-base. 



LABIATJB. j 73 

XI. SALVIA, Linnama. 
L (X carduacea, Benth. White- woolly, thistle-like: lavender corolla 1 in. long. 
2. 0. Oolumbarire, Booth. Branching: leaves pinnatiiid: bine corolla J- J in. long. 

12. AtTDEBERTTA, Bentham. 

Corolla 11 in. long, crimson-purple: large leaves very rugose ....... 1 

Corolla i in. long or less, violet or bluish 2, 8, 4, 7 

Corolla §- J in. long: stems woody below, 3-10 ft. high 5, 6, 8 

1 . A. grandiflora, Benth. Stout, slightly woody. S. F. Bay, south. 

2. A. incana, Benth. Leaves not rugose, 1 in. long or less. San Diego. 

3. A. humilis, Benth. A span high, simple, stems nearly naked, base leafy. 

4. A. stachyoides, Benth. Several ft. high: forming dense thickets. Cal. Coast. 
6. A. Palmeri, Gr. Leaves oblanceolate, acute: whorls 4-8, distant. San Diego. 

6. A. Cleveland!, Gr. Similar: leaves obtuse: whorls fewer: viscid. San Diego. 

7. A. ni via, Benth. White-hoary, 3-4 ft. high: stamens exserted. Santa Barbara* 8. 

8. A. polystachya, Benth. Mostly very white: flowers in a thyrsus. S. Coast. 

13. LOPHANTHTJS, Benth. 
L L. urticif olios, Benth. Green, 4 to 6 ft. high: leaves ovate or cordate, large. 

14. SCUTELLARIA, Linnaua. 

Corolla slender, J-f in, long, deep blue or violet: leaves ovate 1 

Corolla larger, £-1 in. long, violet-blue: leaves oblong or narrow 2, 3 

Corolla white or dull yellow: upper leaves entire, obtuse. 4, 5 

1. S. tuber osa, Benth. Soft-hairy, mostly 3 or 4 in high: many tubers. Cent. Cal 

2. S. angustifolia, Pursh. Stems slender: corolla hairy inside, |-1 in. long. 

3. S. antirrhinoides, Benth. Similar: leaves and corolla broader and shorter. 

4. S. Calif ornica, Gr. Slender: leaves short-petioled; upper short. 

5. 8. Bolanderi, Gr. More pubescent, very leafy: leaves sessile, broad, veiny * 

15. BBUNELLA, Tournefort 
L B. vulgaris, L. Simple stems ending in a dense spike of violet flowers. 

16. MARRTJBIUM, Tournefort. 
I. EL vulgare, L. Hoary, bitter. Common Horehound naturalised. 

17. STACHYS. Tournefort 

Corolla white or whitish: leaves soft-hairy or white tomentose „ . . . X, 8, 8 

Corolla purple or rose, J in, long or less; tube not exceeding calyx. .• 4 

Corolla purple or rose; tube exceeding the calyx 5, 6, 7 



174 ALISMACEJ&. 

1. S. ajugoides, Benth. Softly white-hairy: leaves oblong obtuse: ill-scon ted. 

2. S. albens, Gr. White-woolly, leafy, often tall: leaves rather acute. 

8. S. pycnantha, Benth. Tawny-hairy, leafy: leaves obtuse, spike short, dense* 

4. S. palustris, L. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, mostly sessile. Or. 

5. 8. bullata, Benth. Mostly hispid, light rose flowers in interrupted spikes. 
4 8. Chamissonis, Benth. Much larger: leaves 2-5 in. long. Wet ground. 
7. 8. ciliata, DougL Similar; leaves thinner, less hairy. Or. Coast 



PLANTAGINACEjE. 

1. PLANTAGO, Tournefort. 

Stamens 4. Leaves not fleshy, 1-8-ribbed or nerved 8 1, 5 9 6 

Leaves somewhat fleshy, oblanceolate to lanceolate or broader.... 2, 8, 7 

Leaves fleshy, linear to filiform; spike dense, cylindrical. 4 

Stamens 2: leaves linear to filiform, 1-4 in. long: annuals 8, 

1. P. major, L. var. Asiatic a, Decne. Leaves ovate or oval: scape J-2 high. 

eriopoda, Torr. Yellowish wool at base: scape J-l ft. high. N. Cal. to Alaska. 

macro carpa, C. & S. Petioles long: capsule J- J in. long. Coast, Wash. 

maritima, L. Corolla-tube pubescent: seeds 2 to 4. Common on the Coast. 

lanceolata, L. Petioles slender: scape deeply furrowed; spike short. Nat. 

Patagonica, Jacq. Usually silky- woolly: slender leaves acute: spikes short. 

hirtella, HBK. Scape with long dense spike, 1-2 ft. high. Cal. Coast. 

Bigelovii, Gr. Spike dense, J-I in. long: capsule 4-seeded. Saline marshes. 

heteropnylla, Nutt. Spike 2-5 in. long, very slender: seeds 10-28. Cal 



2. 


P. 


3. 


P. 


4. 


P. 


5. 


P. 


6. 


P. 


7. 


P. 


8. 


P. 


9. 


P. 



CLASS H— ENDOGENS OR MONOCOTYLEDONS. 



ALISMACRE. 

Flowers perfect: stamens usually 6: carpels in a whorl. 

Carpels numerous, distinct, obo vat e- oblong, flattened: scape paniculate . • 1 

Carpels 6-12, united at base, tapering to a beak: scape simple 8 

flowers monoecious or dioecious: carpels many, capitate, winged, short-beaked 8 



ALISMACEA 175 

1. A LIS MA, Linnaeus. 
L A. PlantagO* L. Scape with branches in whorls: leaves orate to lanceolate or 
narrower: petals small, white or pinkish. In water or mud. 

2. DAMASONIXJM, Jussien. 
1. D. Calif or nicum. Torr. Scapes 6-18 in. high: leaves ovate to narrowly lanceolate, 
Umg-petioled: flowers in 3 or 4 whorls; pedicels 1-2 in. long: petals 3-4 lines long, 
incised above, white. In water or mud. S. N. Mts. 

8. SAGITTATE! A, Linnams. 
1. 8. variabilis, Engelm* Leaves ovate-sagittate or some linear: flowers mostly in 
8'sj petals white, rounded i • j in. long: tubers edible* In water or mod. 



ORCIlIDACEiE. 

Herbs with a more or less irregular perianth of 3 sepals and 3 petals; the lower petal 
(made so by a twist in the inferior ovary), called the lip, usually unlike the other two 
which generally resemble the sepals. Stamens and style united to form the column which 
Ls capped by a single perfect 2-oelled anther, or (in Cypripedium) with a perfect anther 
on each side of the stigma over which curves a triangular sterile stamen. Our genera are 
usually grouped in four tribes here briefly defined. 

I. Anther resting lid-like upon the column, deciduous: pollen-masses 4 1, 2, 8 

II. Anther united with column, persistent on its face above stigma: pollen-masses 2. . 4 

IIL Anther erect on top of column, persistent: pollen-masses 2-4 5 to 9 

IV. Anthers 2, lateral; the sterile stamen petaloid, incurved t . 10 

* Herbs with one to many green leaves; not parasitic. 

Leaf solitary from a globose conn. Scape 1-flowered ....*. 1 

Scape 6-20-flowered 8 

Leaves several to many from a creeping rootstock. . . . 6 

Leaves a pair below the raceme of small flowers, ovate or cordate .......•••... 7 

Leaves 2 or 3 to many clasping slender or stoutish stems, at least at base. 
Flowers not leafy-braoted, white or greenish, in spikes or racemes. 

Lip of perianth spurred at base.... •»««««•-«<, 4 

Lip not spurred: spike twisted: flowers 3-ranked ••••••«••••»«••»•.••• 6 

Flowers leafy- bracted, pedicellate, 1-20. 

Lip concave at base, constricted in middle .w~. ...♦..„, 8 

lip an inflated sac, the mouth with incurved margin * • . . . 10 

* * Plants with no green leaves: stems simple, scape-Wee, 



176 ORCHIDACBJB. 

Flowers and stems brownish, purplish or yellowish, often mottled or striped. •••«*•••, 9 

Flowers and stems nearly or quite white 9 

Flowers and stems greenish: bracts membranaceous, acute. Sp. 8 In 4 

1. CALYPSO, Salisbury. 
L 0. borealis, Salisb. Stem 3-6 in. high: slender bract at top, subtending a drooping 
showy flower: sepals and petals lanceolate, rose-tinged J-j in. long; lip saccate, 2- 
spurred, mottled. Springy places or bogs, from Russian River (Miss Wood) to Br. 
Am* and E. to the Atlantic Also in N. Eu. and Asia. 

2. CORALLORHIZA, Haller. 

Sspftls and petals similar; lip dilated, recurved, flat or concave, 2-ridged at base. Column 
incurved. Bootstocks coral-like, hence the name Coral-root. 

1. 0, multiflora, Nutt. Sepals and petals 3-4 lines long, yellowish or whitish, purpls 
tinged: spur formed by decurrent side-sepals wholly adnate to the ovary; lip broadly 
ovate, 3-lobed, the middle lobe with undulate or denticulate margin, often purple- 
mottled. Mts., San Diego to Br. Col., E. to the Atlantic. 

2. C. Mertensiana, Bong. Similar: flowers red: lower half of the spur free: lip nar- 
rower, entire or with small teeth at base. Humboldt Bay to Alaska. 

3. C. innata, R. Br. Smaller: sepals 1J-2 lines long: spur very short. Wash. 

4. C. Bigelovii, Watson. Stout: sepals and petals oblong, obtuse, 4 lines long, 
purple- veined; spur none. S. N. k Coast Mts., CaL 

5. 0. Striata, Lindi Similar: perianth 6-7 lines long. 8. N. Mts,, N. k E. 

3. APIiECTRUM, Torrey. 

1. A. hiemale, Torr. Scape a foot high or more: leaf plaited, 4-8 in. long: perianth | 
in. long, greenish brown; lip whitish, somewhat spotted, deeply 3-lobed, 3 -ridged 
The glutinous bulbs give the name Putty-root Or. E. to the Atlantic 

4. HABENAKTA, Willd. 

Stems slender: leaves few and at base: perianth 2 lines long or less. . . . . 1, 2 

Stems leafy. Spur 4-6 lines long, slender: lip narrow 3, 4, 5 

Spur short and thick 6, 7 

1. H. eiegans, Bolander. Spike dense: sepals and petals equal. Coast, Monterey, N, 

2. H. Unalaschensis, Watson. Spike less dense: flowers smaller: bracts ovate. 

3. H. leucostachys, Watson. Stout: flowers many, white: capsule sessile. Swamps. 

4. H. sparsiflora, Watson. Lower, more slender: leaves narrower: greenish flowers 
10-20, distant, exceeded by the slender bracts: capsule sessile. S. N. Mts. k N. CaL 

5. H. pedicellata, Watson. Raceme loose: capsule tapering into a pedicel. 



OROHIDACEJB. * 177 

6. XL Cooperi, Watson. Stout: lip ovate: upper sepal ovate. San Diego. 

7. H. gracilis, Watson. Like No. 4: lip linear: spur saccate. Or., Wash. 

8. H. Michfleli, Greene. Stout stem, leafless: spike dense: sepals J in. long. 8. CaL 

5. SPXRANTHES, Richard. 

1. 8. Romanzoffiana, Chamisso. Spike dense, conspicuously bracteate, 1-4 in. long? 
perianth greenish- white, J in. long, curved (Called Ladies' Tresses). Wet places. 

2. S. porrifolia, Lindl. Similar: flowers smaller: 2 callosities at base of lip. 

6. GOODYEABA, Robt; Brown. 

1, O. Menzie8ii, Lindl. Scape pubescent, 6-15 in. high: leaves smooth, 2-3 in. long, 
in a rosulate tuft: spike of puberulent white flowers 1-sided. (Rattlesnake Plantain.) 

7. LISTEBA, Robt. Brown. 

3. Ll Convalarioides, Nutt. Slender, 3-12 in. high: flowers purplish in a pubescent 
raceme: lip 2-lobed or emarginate, toothed at base, 2-5 lines long. Damp woods. 

2. Xi. cordata, R. Br. Smaller: flowers minute, smooth. (Ttoayblade.) 1ST. CaL, N. 

8. EPIPACTIS, Haller. 
L B. gig&ntea, DougL Leafy, 1-4 ft. high: leaves ovate to lanceolate: flowers 3-10, 
greenish, purple-veined: sepals ovate-lanceolate, J-J in. long; lip as long. Along 
streams* 

9. CEPHALANTHEBA, Richard. 
I. 0. Oregana, Reich, f. Parasite: perianth J in. long; sepals and petals lanceolate; 
lip as in Bpipactis with wavy -crested nerves. Forests, N. Cal to Or. 

10. CYPBIPEDITJM, Linnams. 

1, C. fascicuiatum, Kellogg. Villous, 2-6 in. high: leaves ovate, a pair: peduncle 
viscid: flowers several in a cluster or 1, greenish. (Bradley's Cypripedium). Rare. 

2. 0. montanum, DougL Leafy, 1-2 ft. high: flowers 1-3; sepals and wavy-twisted 
petals brownish, narrow, 1J-2J in. long: lip oblong, white, purple- veined. Cent, 
Cal. to Or. 

&. 0. Californicum, Gr. Often taller: flowers 3-12: sepals J in. long: lip obovoid- 
globose. In swamps or wet places. N. CaL 



IlilDACEJE. 

Perennial herbs with sword-shaped or grass-like leaves, the divisions of the superior 
perianth all petaloid and convulute in the bud, withering-persistent. 

12 



ITS IRIDACE.fi. 

Outer segments of perianth larger, recurved or spreading; the inner erect or incurred* 

style-branches petaloid, curving over the linear anthers. 1 

Segments nearly alike: stigmas filiform: filaments often united. 2 

1. IBIS, Tournefort . 

# Perianth-tube btem-like above the ovary, \-S in. long, sterna leafy... .... 1, 2 

* * Perianth-tube short and funnelform above the ovary. 

Stems leafy: bracts (enclosing peduncles and buds) green, often distant 3, 4 

Stems naked or with 1 or 2 leaves, terete: floral bracts not distant 5, 6 

Stems with many bracts and rigid radical leaves 7 

Stems with 2-3 short bract-like leaves, 2-flowered 8 

1. I. macrosiphon, Torr. Stems very slender, flattened, surpassed by the dark 
green grass-like leaves: flowers rich purple-blue, on short pedicels; tube 1-3 in. long; 
sepals 1J-2 in. long. S. F. Bay to Humboldt Bay. Placer Co. 

2. I. Douglasiana, Herbert. Stouter and taller stems: leaves and bracts broader, 
pedicels longer; tube shorter; sepals usually with a white center, blue-purple or lilac: 
often yellow or buff. S. F. Bay to Siskiyou Mts. 

S. I. Hartwegi, Baker. Stems slender, flattened, 2-9 in. high: leaves 2-3 lines wide: 
flowers light colored. S, N. Mts. June. 

4. I. tenax, Dougl. Similar, taller, 1 -flowered: flowers larger, bright lilac-purple 
segments 2-2J in. long. Or. to Br. Col. 

5. L longipetala, Herbert. Stems stout, equaling the leaves, 3-5-flowered: sepals 
lilac or whitish, purple and yellow veined, 2£-3 in. long. Monterey to Or. 

6. L Missouri ensis, Nutt. More slender: leaves narrower: bracts dilated, scarioua, 
1-1 J in. long: flowers pale blue. N. CaL to Or. 

7. I. bracteata, Watson. Leaves striate, sides unlike: perianth yellow, 2-3 in. long. 
(HowelVs Iris.) Discovered by Thos. Howell in S. W. Or., 1884. 

8. L tenuis, Wats. Perianth white, veined with yellow and purple, 1 J in* long. 
{Henderson's Iris.) Discovered by L. F. Henderson in Or., 1881. 

2. SISYBINCHJUM, Linnaeus. 

1. S. bellum, Wats. Flowers blue, purple-striped, J-l in. broad. Col., Or. 

2. S. Calif ornicum, Ait. f. Scape winged: flowers yellow. Coast Wet places. 

i. 8. grandinorum, Dougl. Flowers red-purple, 1-1J in. broad. N. CaL to Br. Col 



LILIACEJS. 

8 1. Floral bracts not leaf-like: perianth persistent: anthers introrse: style entire. 

* Flowers in umbels or heads upon naked scapes: root a bulb or corm. 
a. Perianth parted to the base or nearly so: stamens at base; anthers versatile. 



LILlACKJt. 179 

Flowers rose- purple to white: bracts broad: odor of onions •• 1 

Flowers greenish white: bracts narrow: slender leaves several 9 

Flowers yellow: pedicels jointed at top: leaves one or several 8 

6. Perianth not parted to the base: stamens on the throat. 

Perianth -tube thin, somewhat inflated and angular or saccate: stamens on the throat in 
one row; anthers basifixed, 3 alternating with petaloid staminodia or smaller anthers* 
ovary nearly or quite sessile 4 

Perianth-tube thicker, opaque, not inflated or saccate: anthers basifixed, 3 alternating 
with petaloid staminodia: filaments decurrent to base: ovary sessile 5 

Perianth-tube not inflated or saccate: filaments in two rows (except sp. 11); anthers 
versatile 6 

Perianth-tube subcylindrical, 6-saccate at base, scarlet or crimson, the short segments 

yellowish: stamens 3 alternating with broad staminodia 7 

* * Flower b on short scape-like pedicels, umbellate on an underground peduncle. 

Perianth salver-form; tube slender, 1-2 in. long; lobes half as long 8 

* * * Flowers in racemes or panicles; perianth segments distinct and anthers versatile 

(except No. IS.) 

a. Stems scape-like or sparingly leafy, arising with many leaves from a bulb. 

Flowers blue or white, J-1J in. long, slightly one-sided, in a simple raceme 9 

Flowers white or whitish, 2-5 lines long in a dense nearly simple raceme 10 

Flowers white or pinkish, scattered on branches: withering perianth twisted 11 

Flowers white or yellowish, paniculate: perianth-tube equaling reflexed lobes 12 

b. Stems not scape-like, simple: rootstock slender: white flowers small. 

Leaves 2-ranked, sessile, often clasping, lanceolate to ovate 13 

Leaves 2, rarely 3, petioled, cordate: perianth-segments 4: stamens 4 14 

c. Stems rigid: lower bracts and rigid leaves spine-tipped: flowers 1-3 in. long 15 

§ 2. Floral bracts none or leaf -like: perianth segments distinct, deciduous: anthers 

extrorse or opening on the sides. In No. 24 the perianth is persistent: anthers 
introrse. 

a. Stem simple, from a scaly bulb: leaves often whorled: perianth segments similar: 
anthers versatile: style long: fruit a capsule: seeds flat, horizontal. 

Segments oblanceolate, with a groove: style entire: stigma large, 3-lobed 16 

Segments broader, not groved: style entire or 3-cleft; stigmas small. • 17 

b. Stem from a coated corm: anthers basifixed. 

Leaves a pair at the base, broad: perianth-segments similar, lanceolate, recurved. •• . 18 
Leaves few, linear-lanceolate: perianth -segments unlike, the inner (petals) broad.. •• 19 

c. Stem branching, leafy above: rootstock slender: flowers nodding or hanging. 

Flowers apparently axillary: anthers 1-2-awned or pointed above, sagittate 20 

Flowers white or greenish, terminal, in clusters or solitary, beneath the leaves 21 

i. Stem a scape or scape-like from a rootstock: large leaves basal: flowers umbellate or 

solitary, red or white: filaments hairy: ovary 2-celled: fruit a many -seeded berry. 22 



180 LILIJLCEJR. 

0. 8temlesfl: leaves a pair, broad; flowers umbellate on an underground peduncle: ped- 
icels 3-cornered prostrate and curved in fruit: stamens 3: styles 3, divergent.. . . 23 

f. Stem with 3 broad leaves at top and a single flower: outer segments green 24 

§ 3. Bracts greenish or scarious: flowers in a simple raceme or panicle: segments dis- 
tinct, persistent: anthers small: styles or sessile stigmas persistent; capsule deeply 
3-lobed. 
a. Stem tall, leafy: leaves large ovate to lanceolate, nerved, plicate: panicles large. 25 
6. Stem from a coated bulb, leafy at base: leaves linear or grass-like, smooth. 

Flowers white, erect: yellow glands at base of segments 26 

Flowers yellowish or purplish, nodding glandless • • 27 

c. Stem equitant-leafy, from a rootstock: leaves slender^ anthers 2 -celled, introrse. 

Flowers small, greenish, each with a cup-like or 3-lobed involucre 28 

Flowers yellowish -green: filaments woolly; style none 29 

d. Stem with a large tuft of grass-like stiff leaves from a rootstock: raceme of white 
flowers very dense, long: anthers extrorse: styles reflexed or coiled 30 

1. ALLTTJM, Linnaeus. 
§ 1. Bulbs connected with root stocks; leaves 2 or more: capsule not conspicuously 

crested. 
Scape round, 1-2 ft. high, exceeding the leaves: bracts 2, large, acuminate: bulb white. . 1 
Scape flattened above: umbels often nodding: stamens and style slender; bracts united a 

base 2, 3 

§ 2. Bulbs without rootstocks: scape not flattened, slender: leaves very slender. 

a. Leaves 2 or more, shorter than, or scarcely exceeding the scape. 

Ovary obscurely crested: perianth rose: stamens included: scape 3-10 in. high... 4, 5, 6 

Ovary distinctly 6-crested. 

Perianth-segments white or light pink becoming thin and lax. 

Bracts 2, short, acute; stamens included 89 

Perianth rose-color: filaments deltoid-widened at base 10, 11 

Filaments Aliform crests conspicuous 12, 13 

b. Leaves 2 or more, much exceeding the very short scape 14, 15 

§ 3. Scape much flattened, 2-edged, short: leaves 2, linear, fiat, falcate: flowers rose- 
color. 

Bracts 2; stamens included Id, 17, 18 

Bracts 3-5: stamens not included: leaves £-1 in. broad 19 

1. A. unifolium, Kell. Leaves 2-4: segments 5-7 lines long exceeding stamens. 

2. A. validum, Wats. Scape 1-3 ft. high: bracts 2-4, broad: pedicels J-J in. long: 
segments slender 3-4 lines long: bulb-coats white. Alpine, July to Sept. 

8. A. haematochiton, Wats. Scape slender, 4-12 in. high: bracts 2, short: flowers 
deep purple or rose-color: bulb-coats deep reddish purple, shining. S. CaL Coast. 



LILIACKA. 181 

4. A. acuminatum, Hook. Perianth-segments serrulate, 4-7 lines long, tips aoa 
minate, recurved, rigid in fruit. Washington to Cent. Cal. Rare. 

5. A. Bolanderi, Wats. Similar: flowers rarely white: stamens adnate to the middle, 
half as long as the segments which are nearly straight. N. W. Cal. 

d. A. lacunosum, Wats. Scape 3-6 in. high: pedicels £-£ in. long: stamens nearly 
equaling perianth; filaments a little expanded at base. Cent. Cal. 

7. A. Sanbornii, Wood. Slender, 12 ft. high: perianth 2-3 lines long. S. N. Mts. 

8. A. attenuifolium, KelL Leaves filiform, sheathing the scape near base. 

9. A hyalinum, Curran. Perianth thin, transparent in fruit: capsule 1 -seeded. 

10. A, gerratum, Wats. Outer bulb-coats with distinct zigzag lines along which 
they tear horizontally into serrate strips: inner perianth segments shorter, narrower. 

11. A. bisceptruxn, Wats. Scapes often in 2's, rarely angular. S. N. Mts. 

12. A. campanulatum, Wats. Flowers many: perianth light rose-color. S. N. Mts. 

13. A. Bidwelliae, Wats. Smaller: flowers fewer, smaller, bright rose. S. N. Mts. 

14. A. tribracteatum, Torr. Scarcely 2 in. high; bracts 3. Mostly alpine. 

15. A. parvum, KelL Similar: bracts 2, shorter. Sierra Valley. 

16. A. falcifolium, H. & A. Scape 2-5 in. high: capsule 3-crested. Coast Mta. 

17. A. Breweri, Wats. Scape 1-3 in. high: crests 3, slightly lobed. Coast Mts. 

18. A. Lexnmoni, Wats. Taller leaves nearly straight. Sierra Valley. 

19. A* platycaule, Wats. Scape and leaves broader. Montane. S. N. Mts. 

2. MXJILIiA, Watson. 
1. K. maritima, Wats, Perianth-segments 2-3 lines long, snbrotate* Coast 

8. BLOQMERIA, Kellogg. 
1. B. aurea, Kell. Scape 6-18 in. high: leaf solitary: each filament surrounded at 

base by a 2-cuspidate appendage: Coast Ranges, Monterey to San Diego. 
Z B. montana, Greene. Larger: flowers an inch broad: cusps of the filament* 

appendage half as long as the filament: anthers 1 £ lines long. S. CaL 
t. B* Clevelandi, Watson. Leaves several, very slender: style short. San Diego. 

4. BR0DI2BA, Smith. 

[The next two genera are united with this in the Botany of California and the CaL 
Flora. E. L. Greene of the University of California has recently elaborated the species 
under the generic names here given] 

Stamens 3, alternating with bifid or entire staminodia ♦ 1, 2, 8 

Stamens 6, 3 with petaloid appendages back of the anther 4, 5 

1. B. volubis, Baker. Twining scape 4-10 ft. high: perianth rose-color to white? 

sagittate anthers 2-appendaged on the back. Stropholirion C<d\fornkum Torr. Cent. 

CaL 



182 LUIAOEA 

2. B. multiflora, Benth. Scape 2-4 ft. high: perianth violet -purple 8-10 lines long* 

staminodia obtuse, entire. Or. to Cent. Cal., June, July. 
8. B. congesta, Smith. Scape 2-5 ft. high: purple staminodia bifid. B. C. to C. C&L 

4. B. pulchella, Greene. Perianth-tube, like the last, constricted above: distin- 
guished by the stamens and strictly umbellate inflorescence. Cal., May, June, 

5. B. capita ta, Benth. Scape 6-18 in. high: bracts often dark purple: perianth- 
tube not constricted above. Very abundant in Cent. Cal., S. & E., Jan. to Apr. 

5. HOOKER A, Salisbury. 

1. H. Californica, Greene. Scape 2 ft. high: pedicels 2-3 in. long: perianth 1J-2 in. 
long, deep purple to rose-color: anthers £ in. long, a little exceeded by the retuse 
staminodia. This and next under Brodiaa grandiflora in CaL Bot. Sacramento 
VaL Much less common than the next species. 

2. H. coronaria, Salisb. Smaller: anthers exceeding the acute staminodia. 

3. H. minor, Britten. Scape 3-6 in. high: perianth -segments rotate: anthers 2 lines 
long exceeded by the emarginate or retuse staminodia. Sac. VaL, S. 

4. H. terrestris, Britten. Scape usually not rising above ground: pedicels 3-4 in. 
long: staminodia yellowish, margins involute. S. F. Bay, N. 

6. H. stellaris, Greene. Scape 2-6 in. high: perianth red-purple: anthers 2-append- 
aged; staminodia longer, white. (Purdy'a Hooker a.) Near Ukiah, 

6. H. rosea, Greene. Similar: perianth rose-red: stamens not appendaged; filaments 
triangular. Lake Co., Cal. Discovered by Mrs. Curran, May, 1884. 

7. H. Orcuttii, Greene. Scape a foot or more high: staminodia wanting or obscure, 
San Diego. Discovered by C. R Orcutt in 1884. 

6. TBITELEIA, Douglas. 

Porianth-tube broad at base: upper and inner stamens with winged filaments 1 9 2 

Perianth-tube tapering to a narrow base: filaments not winged or appendaged. 

Stamens in 2 rows: flowers not yellow 8, 4, 5 

Stamens in 1 row; filaments broadening downward 6 

Stamens in 2 rows or nearly equal: flowers yellow 7, 8 

Perianth-tube short; segments rotate, yellow: filaments with appendages 0, 10 

Perianth open-campanula te, cleft below the middle: stamens in 1 row 11, 12 

1. T. grandiflora, Lindl. Pedicels £-1 in. long, numerous: perianth light blue, 1 in. 
long: lower anthers sessile, upper on filaments which are winged below. Or. and 
Wash. E. 

2. T. Howellii, Greene. Similar: upper filaments winged above. Or. & Wash. 

8. T. Candida, Greene. Scape 2-4 ft. high: perianth 1J in. long, white: fi l&menta 
coiled. Discovered by J. R. Scupham. Fresno Co., Cal., June 1886. 

4. T. laxa, Benth. Umbel of usually 15-30 purple-blue flowers: anthers acute. Cal 



LILIACKA 



183 



5. T. peduncularifl, Lindl. Pedicels often 6-10 in. long: perianth rose-purple to 
nearly white, cleft below the middle, 1 in. long: anthers retuse. Wet places 
Cent. Cal. 

5. T. Bridgesii, Greene. About a loot high: umbel rather few-flowered: perianth 
light blue. Very common in open forests about Humboldt Bay. Cbico, 

7. T. crocea, Greene. Perianth 7-9 lines long: lower filaments very short. N. CaL 

8. T. gracilis, Greene. Smaller: filaments subequal: anthers acute. S. N. Mts. 

9. T. ixioides, Greene. Scape £-2 ft. high: filaments unequal, wing-dilated, 2-append- 
aged above. S. Cal. to Or. 

10. T. lugens, Greene. Similar: perianth dark brown outside: winged filaments not 
forked above. Collected by E. L. Greene near Vacavilie, CaL, May 4, 1886. 

11. T. hyacinthina, Greene. Perianth white with green veins, rarely purple-tinged: 
filaments broad at base, united into a ring. Moist ground. Cent. Cal. N. 

12. T. lilacina, Greene. Smaller: perianth lilac-purple: filaments not so broad at 
base, distinct. Col. in Amador Co. by Mrs. Curran. May, 25, 1886. 

N.B —No. 1 is Brodicea Douglasii, Wats.; No. 11, B. lactea t Wats.; No. 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. 9, hare the 
same specific names under Brodicea In the Cal. Bot No. 3, 10, 12 are new. Behrvt tenuyta-o, Groone, of 
the California Peninsula, Is the type of a new genus belonging between this end the Desk It is approp- 
nately dedicated to Dr. H. R Behr, of the University of California 

7. BREVOORTIA, Wood. 
1. B. coccinea, Wats. Flowers pendulous, 1-1 J in. long. N. CaL (Firecrackers.) 

8. LEUCOCRINUM, Nuttall. 
1 . L. montanum, Nutt. White flowers surpassed by the leaves. Cal. E. 

9. CAMAS SIA, Lindley. 

1. C. esculenta, Lindl. Flowers irregular, lower segment deflexed: segments not 

connivent in age, persistent: seeds shining. N. Cal., N & E to Montana. 

2. C.Leichtlinii, Watson. Nearly regular flowers larger; segments broader, con- 
nivent and twisted, at length deciduous: seeds obovoid, dull. S. F. Bay, N. to Wash. 

10. HASTINGSIA, Watson. 

1. H. alba, Wats. Flowers in dense close raceme, 2-3 lines long. N. Cal., Or. 

2. H. bracteosa, Wats. Flowers 3-6 lines long, nearly equaled by bracts: stamens 
short. Coll. by Thos. Howell in Curry Co., Or., May, 1884. 

11. CHLOROGALUM, Kunth. 

Perianth-segments very slender, §-f in. long: pedicels longer than the bracts 1 

Perianth-segments oblong-oblanceolate, £4 i n - long: bulb-coats not fibrous 2, 3 



184 LILIACEJR. 

1. 0. pomeridianum, Kunth. Bulbs densely fibrous: leaves crispate-andalate, 
mostly radical: flowers white, purplish-veined. Cal. {Soap-root.) 

2. 0. parviflorum, Watson. Leaves grass-like: flowers pinkish. San Diego. 

3. 0. angustifolium, Kellogg. Leaves not undulate: white flowers. N. CaL 

12. ODONTOSTOMUM, Torrey. 

1. O. Hartwegi, Torr. Numerous flowers 4-6 lines long. S. N. Foot-hills, Bare. 

13. SMLLACINA, Desfontaines. 

1. S. amplexicaulis, Nutt. Panicle close: segments and filaments similar: fragrant 

2, S. sessilifolia, Nutt. Simple zigzag raceme few-flowered: berries blue-black. 

14. MAIANTHEMUM, Weber. 

1. M. bifolium, DC. Var. (?) Zigzag stem 3-12 in. high. S. F. Bay to Alaska. 

15. YUCCA, Linnaeus. 

1. Y. baccata, Torr. Leaf -margins thread-bearing: perianth campanulate. S. CaL 

2. Y. Whipplei, Torr. Leaf- margins serrulate: perianth rotate spreading. S. CaL 

16. LILIUM, Linnaeus. 
Flowers horizontal to erect, spotless or finely dotted, white, purplish or pale yellow; 
segments tapering into long narrow claws, spreading. 

Flowers becoming purple or purplish: bulb-scales not jointed 1, 8 

Flowers pale yellow, 3 in. long or more: bulb-scales jointed. 3 

Flowers orange-yellow to red, spotted; segments oblanceolate to lanceolate. 

Flowers erect or horizontal, less than 2 in. long 4, 6, 6 

Flowers nodding, segments revolute ( Tiger Lilies) 7, 8, 9 

1. L. Wasfcingtonianum, Kellogg. Bulbs becoming 6-8 in. long, the scales thin, 
lanceolate, 2-3 in. long; stems 2-5 ft. high: leaves in several whorls (some scattered), 
3-1 in. broad, undulate: flowers white becoming purplish, often dotted, horizontal on 
erect pedicels; segments 34 in. long, &•§ in. wide: yellow anthers 5-6 lines long. 

2. L. rubescens, Watson. Similar: bulb smaller, thicker, broader scales an inch 
long: stems 1-7 ft. high: flowers nearly white to lilac, becoming rose -purple, 1 J-2 in. 
long: anthers 2-3 lines long. Coast Mts., S. F. Bay to Klamath R. 

3. L. Parryi, Wats. Stem 2-5 ft. high: leaves mostly scattered, slender. S. CaL 

4. L. parvum, Kell. Flowers few to many, erect or nearly so: anthers 1-2 lines long: 
capsule sub-spherical, i-f in. long. S. N. Mts. 4-8,000 ft. alt., N. to Or. 

& li. maritimum, Kell. Flowers horizontal, deep reddish orange. S. F. to Hum'dk 
8. I*. Bolanderi, Wats. Stems 1-2 -flowered: leaves mostly in whorls, 1-2 in. long: 
flowers nearly horizontal, brownish or dull purple. Hum'dt to S. W. Or. 




Jterm ^W PWflt^ - , 

Ajspidium- Ji 



LILIAC&K. 185 

7. Ij. pardalinum, KelL Rootstocks thick and branching, forming mat-like masnee 
of bulbs: stems 3-7 ft. high: perianth segments 2-3 in. long, bright orange red with 
large purple spots below: anthers red, 4-5 lines long. Cent. Cal. to Or. 

Var. angustifolium, KelL Slender, small: leaves 3-4 lines broad, scattered. 

8. L. Eumboldtii, Roezl & Leichtlin. Bulbs 2-6 in. thick, often purplish, the fleshy 
ovate-lanceolate acute scales 2-3 in. long: stems purplish, 4-8 ft. high: leaves un- 
dulate in 4-6 whorls of 10-20 each: pedicels mostly 3-6 in. long: perianth-segments 
3-4 in. long, J-l wide, papillose-ridged near base: anthers red, £-§ in. long. Cal. 

9. L. Columbianuxn, Hanson. Perianth-segments 14-2 in, long: yellow anthers 2-3 
lines long. Wash, to Cent Cal. 

17. nUTTTYLATVrA, Linnaeus, 

Styles distinct above; stigmas linear: capsule obtusely angled. • 1, 2, 8 

capsule acutely angled or winged. 4, 5, 6 

Styles united: stigma 3-lobed: flowers not spotted: stamens unequal 7 

1. F. recurva, Benth. Segments narrow, scarlet and yellow, spotted. Cal., Or. 

2. F. liliacea, Lindl. Leaves near base: flowers greenish white. San Francisco Bay. 

3. F. biflora, Lindl. Leaves near base: flowers dark brown, purple, green-tinged; 
segments widely spreading: mucronate anthers 2 lines long. Coast, San Diego to 
Mendocino. 

4. F. lanceolata, Pursh. Bulb* with a few large scales and many like rice grains: 
leaves in 1-3 whorls: flowaw dark purple mottled with greenish yellow; segments 
not spreading. 

Var. floribundft, Benth. Flowers 1-8, lighter colored, blotched with brownish purple; 

segments acute, i-i in. broad, finely crenulate. 
Var. gracilis, Wats. Flowers entailer with narrower Acuminate segments. 

5. F. parviflora, Torr. Flowers 3-20, with spreading segments £-J in. long, lighter 
colored than the last. Cent. S. N. Mts. 

6. F. atropurpurea, Nutt. Capsule not winged, acutely 6-angled. S. N. Mts. 

7* F. pluriflora, Torr. Stems leafy: flowers reddish purple, £-1 in. long. Cent Cal 

18. ERYTHBONIUM, Linnaeus, 

1. E. grandiilorum, Pursh. Leaves not mottled: flowers 1-6 or more, yellow, or 
cream color with darker center; segments recurved 1-2 in. long. Wash, to N. CaL 

Var. Smithii, Hook. Large flowers purple-tinged. Cent. CaL Coast. 

2. E. Hartwegi, Watson. Bulb £-§ in. long: leaves mottled: flowers 1-3 on scape* 
like pedicels, light yellow and orange; segments scarcely recurved. S. N. Mts. 

3. E. purpurascens, Watson. Leaves undulate: peduncle racemosely or subumbel- 
lately 4-8-flowered or more; pedicels very unequal: flowers light yellow, purple-tinged, 
orange center. S. N. Mts. 



186 LILIACEiF. 

19. CALOCHORTUS, Pursh. 

§ 1. Pedicels recurved In fruit: capsule broadly 3- winged. 

Flowers on branching stems, nodding: concave petals closely connivent, hairy within, 

ciliate 1, 2 

Flowers on rather weak stems, erect or nearly so: fruit nodding or not stiffly erect. 

Flowers yellow, 6-8 lines long, densely hairy within 8 

Flowers white to lilac or blue. Petals covered with hairs 4 to 7 

Petals hairy below only, or naked 8, 9, 10 

g 2. Flowers and fruit erect on stout pedicels: capsules not winged (except in 11 & 12): 

petals and sepals often with spots. (Maripo*a$ or Butterfly Tulips.) 

Flowers lilac or purplish, 1-1 \ in. long: capsules 3-winged 11, 12 

Flowers yellow, more or less marked with brown or purple 13 to 18 

Flowers white or lilac 17 to 20 

1. C. albus, Dougl. Petals white: sepals green, not spreading. Cal. 

2. C. pulchellus, Dougl. Petals yellow or orange: Bepals yellow or greenish, spread- 
ing. Coast Mts., Monterey to Mendocino. 

3. C. Benthami, Baker. Slender, 3-6 in. high: leaves longer: anthers acute. 
S. N. Mts. 

4. C. Maweanus, Leichtlin. Stem flexuose: petals covered above with white or 
blue-purple hairs, acute: anthers acuminate. N. Cent. Cal. 

6. C. c®ruleus; Wats. Very slender, 3-6 in. high: flowers 2-5 in an umbel: petal* 
lilac dotted or lined with darker blue: anthers oblong, obtuse: capsule nearly 
orbicular. S. N. Mts. 

A. C. elegans, Pursh. Similar: petals greenish white, scarcely ciliate: anthers long 
acuminate. Var. nanus, Wood, has acute more hairy petals, smaller. N. Cal. N. 

7. C. Tolmiei, H. & A. Stouter, about a foot high: petals f-li in. long, lilac-tinged: 
anthers lanceolate, acuminate. Mt. Shasta to Or. 

8. 0. nudus, Wats. Flowers 1-6, usually in an umbel, white or lilac: sepals about 
equaling the broadly fan-shaped hairless petals: anthers obtuse. Cent. S. N. Mts. 

9. 0. lilacinus, Kellogg. Leaves rather broad: flowers 3-10, on long zigzag pedicels: 
petals £-1 in. long, pale lilac, slightly hairy below: anthers much shorter than the 
filaments, obtuse. S. F. Bay, Geysers. 

10. C. uniflorus, H. & A. Similar: flowers 1 or 2: gland densely hairy. W. Cal. 

11. 0. Greenei, Wats. Stout, 1-2 ft. high: sepals with yellowish hairy spot: petals 
densely yellow-hairy below: anthers i in. long. N. Cal. to Or. 

12. C. Lyoni, Wats. Sepals naked: anthers 1J-2 lines long. Los Angeles. 

13. 0. clavatus, Wats. Petals covered with club. shaped hairs at base: gland orbic- 
ular, deep: anthers purple, 4-5 lines long, obtuse. S. Cal. Coast. 

14. C. Weedii, Wood. Stem zigzag: petals deep yellow, dotted, covered with slondej 
hairs: gland small, densely hairy: anthers mostly acute. Cal. Coast. 



LILIACE^E. 167 

Var. purpuras c ens, Wats. Petals purple or purple-blotched. St. Barbara. 
16. 0. Obispoensis, Lemmon. Sepals longer than the rotate or recurved, long- Hairy, 
often bind petals. San Luis Obispo. 

16. 0. luteus, DougL Petals 1-2 in. long, from yellow to deep orange, with more or 
less brownish purple inside: gland broad, rounded or somewhat crescent-shaped, 
densely hairy: anthers yellow, obtuse. Very variable. San Diego to Mendocino 
and S. N. Mts. 

Var. oculatua, Wats. Petals white lilac or yellowish with a dark central spot: gland 

usually a narrow crescent. 
Var. citrinus, Wats. Petals deep or lemon yellow with central spot. 

17. 0. venustua, Benth. Like the last: petals white or pale lilac above, with a red- 
dish spot near the top, a brownish spot in the center bordered with yellow and a 
brownish base: gland large, oblong, hairy. Monte Diablo, S. 

Var. purpurasoena, Wats. Deep lilac or purple form. Kern Co. 

18. 0. sp lend ens, DougL Like the preceding: petals clear lilac, paler in center, claw 
darker: anthers purple, £•} in. long. Monterey, S. 

19. 0. macrocarpus, Dougl. Sepals about equaling the obovate acute or acuminate 
purple-lilac petals, 1J-2 in. long: anthers i-J in. long. N. Cal. N. 

90. 0. Nuttallii, T. & G. Slender; a single stem-leaf, or rarely 2 or 3: petals cuneato- 
obovate, usually white above, with a purplish band above the yellow base, sometimes 
deep lilac. S. N. Mts. 

SO. STREPTOPTJS, Michauz. 

1. 8. amplexifolius, DC. Stem 2-3 ft high: peduncles twisted beneath the deeply 
cordate clasping leaves, usually forked or kneed: perianth greenish white, J-J in. 
long, recurved above: anthers tapering into a single awn. N, Cal. N. 

2. 8. roaeua, Mlohx. Smaller: flowers rose -purple: anthers 2-pointed. Or., N. 

21. PBOSABTES, D. Don. 

Style slightly 3-cleft: fruit triangular, J in. long, bright salmon-color. 1 

Style entire: fruit ovoid or obovoid: leaves mostly cordate and clasping. 

Filaments longer than the anthers 8, 8, 4 

Filaments much shorter than the nearly sessile anthers 6 

1. P. Menziesii, Don. Perianth-segments J-l in. long, acute. S. F. Bay, N. 

2. P. Hookeri, Ton*. Stamens nearly equaling or a little exceeding the perianth, 
J-J in. long: ovary hairy: style exserted. Russian Kiv. to Monterey. 

8. P. trachyandra, Torr. Similar: stamens shorter: ovary smooth. S. N. Mts. 
4. P. Oregana, Wats. Flowers often purplish- veined: stamens exserted. Or. 
a P. parvifolia, Wats. Woolly: leaves 1-1 J in. long. Siskiyou Mts. 



18S LILIA.CEJKL 

22. CLINTONIA, Rafinesque 

1. 0. unifiora, Knnth. Nearly stemless: peduncle shorter than the leaves, l-2-flow< 
ered: perianth white, }-l in. long, pubescent. S. N. Mts. and Humboldt Bay, N. 

2. 0. Andrewsiana, Ton*. Flowers rose-red in a globose umbel on a stout peduncle, 
often one or more smaller clusters below: fruit rich blue. In the redwoods. 

23. SCOLIOPUS, Torrey. 

1. S. Bigelovii, Ton*. Perianth £-£ in. long: sepals lanceolate, spreading, striped: 
petals erect, very slender, dark: stylo branches 2-3 lines long. Bed wood* 

2. 8. Halli, Wats. Smaller: style-branches a line long. Cascade Mts. 

24. TRILLIUM, Linnaeus. 

Flower sessile. Leaves sessile or nearly so, large 1 

Leaves long-petioled: stem 3-4 in. high 2 

Flower pedunoled. Leaves sessile or nearly so, rhombic-ovate 3 

Leaves on petioles 1-15 lines long, lanceolate 4 

1. T. sessile, L., var. Calif ornicum, Wats. Very variable: petals lurid-purple or 

rose-red to white, 1-4 in. long. San Diego to Or-. 
8. T. petiolatum, Pursh. Petioles exceeding or equaling the blade. Or. & Wash. 
8. T. ovatuxn, Pursh. Flowers white becoming rose, fragrant. Santa Crua, N. 

4. T. rivale, Wats. Slender: leaves 1-2 in. long. N. W. CaL & S. W. Or. 

25. VERATRTJM, Tournefort. 

Perianth -segments entire or serrulate, oblanceolate, thickened on the sides at base. . 1, 2 
Perianth -segments fringed rhombic-ovate, the riged base divided by a narrow furrow. . 8 

1. V. Calif ornicum, Durand. Stout, 3-7 ft. high: leaves L-12 in. long, sheathing: 
panicle 1-2 ft. long: perianth-segments whitish with a greener brown-edged base. 

2. V. viride, Ait. Flowers green in slender panicles. Oregon, N. 

5. V. fijtnbriatnm, Gr. Leaves lanceolate, 6-18 in. long, narrowed at base. CaL 

26. ZYGADENTJS, Michauz. 

Flowers all perfect; segments longer than the stamens, the outer ones not clawed. •••• 1 
Flowers smaller: stamens equaling or exceeding the perianth, 2 or 3 lines long. .... 2, 8 

1. Z. Fremonti, Torr. From a few inches to 3 or 4 ft high: raceme simple or com- 
pound: perianth rotate; segments £-§ in. long, rather obtuse. San Diego to Hnmb't. 

2. Z. venexxosus, Wats. Leaves rarely over 2 or 3 lines broad, usually folded: 
raceme simple or nearly so. Cent. CaL, N. (Death Camcus.) 

3 Z. paniculatus, Wats. Similar, stouter: raceme compound: lower flowers often 
sterile, short pedioeled; segments 2 lines long, triangular, acute. CaL, E. 



liliacejE. 139 

27* STENANTHTCXM, Gray. 
L & occident&lo, Gr. Slender, 1-2 ft. high: perianth 4-7 linen kog| segments 
linear-lanceolate, tips recurved; linear seeds winged. Or., N. 

28. TOLFIELDIA, Hudson. 
L T. occidontalifl, Wats. Viscid-pubescent: involucre 3-lobed often reddish. 
& T. glutinooa, Willd. Involucre scarcely lobed, near the flower. Or., N. & K. 

29. NABTHECIUM, Moehring. 
1. N. Oalifornicum, Baker. Raceme loose, 3-5 in. long: perianth 8-4 lines longs 
capsule bright salmon-color; seeds with tails at both ends. N. CaL 

80. XEROPHYLLUaX, Miohaux. 
I. 2L tenax, Nutt, Stein 2-6 ft. high: perianth-segments a -£ in. long. OoL, JR. 
& X. Ikmglaeii* Wats. Smaller in every way. Colombia Rive?. 



GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES AND 
BOTANICAL TEEMS. 



All the specific names found in this work are here defined except a few of obscure 
or unknown meaning, and some which have undoubtedly been overlooked. Commemo- 
rative names are followed by the names — when known to me — of those thus honored. 
Specific names are given sometimes in one gender, sometimes in another. The learner 
must know that, as a rule, if a specific name ends in us, a, or um 9 it may end in either 
of the other two to correspond with the gender of the generic name; as, Convolvulus 
Calif ornicus (Masculine), Poly gala Calif ornica (Feminine), Galium Calif ornicum (Neuter.) 
Or, the specific name may end in is or e, the former agreeing with masculine and femi- 
nine generic names, the latter with neuter names. The meaning of each name, where 
possible, is given in a form suitable for a common or English name of the plant. 
Botanical terms are given in italic letters. Figures in parentheses indicate the number 
of times the name is used in this book. 



Abortion, imperfect growth, or failure of 

an organ. 
Abrotanifolia, abrotanus-leaved. 
Abrupt, suddenly ending. 
Acaulescent, stemless above ground. 
Acerose, needle-shaped. 
Achilleaefolia, yarrow-leaved. 
Acicularis, Acicular, slender-acerose 
Acuminata, Acuminate, tapering to a 

point. 
Acuta, Acute, angle at the apex, less 

than 90 and greater than 25 degrees. 
Acutangula, acute-angled. 
Adenocaulon, glandular-stemmed 
Adenophylla, glandular-leaved. 
Adnate, adherent from the first (adnate 

anthers adhere to the filament by the 

back side. ) 
Adsurgens (2), upward-turning. 
Adventitious, not in the usual place. 
Affinis (5), closely related to other 

species. 



Aggregata, aggregated. 

Agrestis, field. 

Ajugoides, ajuga-like; like bugle, 

Ahene, a seed-like fruit. 

Alata, winged. 

Alba (5), Albens, white. 

Albescens, whitish, whitening. 

Albicaulis (3), white-stemmed. 

Albidus, whitish. 

Albiflora (2), white-flowered. 

Alismaefolia, alisma-leaved. 

Alnifolia, alder-leaved. 

Alpestre (2), mountain, growing on 

high mountains. 
Alpina (2), Alpine, on the summits of 

lofty mountains. 
Alsinanthemum, old generic name. 
Alsinoides, alsine-like, like sandwort. 
Alternate, one after another, not opposite. 
Altissima, highest, growing on mountains 

higher than other species. 
Alyssoides, alyssum-like. 



(191) 



192 GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES AND BOTANICAL TERMS. 



Amarella, old generic name. 

Ambigua (3), doubtful, too much like 
other species. 

Americana, (6), American. 

Amictum, clothed, covered. 

Amoena (2), charming. 

Amplectans, twining. 

Amplexicaule (2), stem-embraced (by 
leaves. ) 

Amplexifolius, embracing leaves. 

Anagallis, old generic name. 

AnagalIoid.es, anagallis-like, like pim- 
pernel. 

Andersoni, Dr. C. L. Anderson of Santa 
Cruz, who has specially studied sea- 
weeds and willows. 

Andrewsiana, Andrewsii, Dr. T. L. 
Andrews, Monterey, 1850. 

Andromedia (meaning not significant.) 

Androsacea (2), like androsace. 

Androsaemifolia, androsaemon - leaved, 
leaves like St. John's wort. 

Androus, in composition, means stamens; 
diandrous, or 2-androus, meaning sta- 
mens two. 

Anglica (2), English. 

Angustata, slender or narrow. 

Angustifolia (7), narrow-leaved. 

Annua, annual. 

Anomala, anomalous, peculiar. 

Anserina, old generic name of goose- 
weed. 

Anterior, next to the observer, not toward 
the stem. 

Anthylloides, anthylla-like, like musk- 
ivy. 

Antirrhinoides (2), snapdragon-like. 

Antiselli, Dr. Thos. Antisell. 

Aparine, old generic name. 

Apendiculata, appendaged. 

Apetalous, without petals. 

Aphanoptera, wingless. 

Aphylla, leafless. 

Apiculate, having a short abrupt point. 

Appressed, lying or pressed close, as leaves 
to branches. 

Aquatica, aquatic, living in water. 

Arborea (3), tree-like. 

Arbutifolia, arbutus-leaved. 

Arcuata (4), curved, or jaundiced, L e., 
yellowish. 



Arenaria, sand, growing in sand. 

Argophyila, spotted leaf. 

Arguta, aggressive. 

Ariaefolius, aria-leaved. 

Arida, dry, growing in dry places. 

Aristatus, awned, bearded. 

Aristella, small-awned. 

Armeria, generic name. 

Arnottii, Dr. Arnott, 1830-40. 

Aromatica, aromatic. 

Arvense (11), field. 

Asarifolia, asarum-leaved. 

Ascending, rising obliquely upward. 

Asper (Aspera, Asperum) (2), rough. 

Asperima, very rough. 

Asplenifolia, asplenium leaved. 

Asprella, rough. 

Assurgentiflora,upward-turning flowers 

Atractyloides, thistle like. 

Atropurpurea (2), dark or black-purple. 

Attenuata (2), attenuate, very slender 
and tapering. 

Attenuifolium, attenuate-leaved. 

Attollens, high-growing. 

Aurea (5), golden. 

Auriculate, Aurita, eared ; bearing pro- 
jecting lobes at the base. 

Austinae (4), Mrs. R. M. Austin, of 
Sierra Co. 

Aquatilis, Aquatica, Aquatic, living in 
water. 

Aquifolium, holly- leaved. 

Axil, between the base of a leaf and the 
stem. 

Azureus, azure, blue. 

Baccata, berry-like. 

Baileyi, W. W. Bailey. 

Barbiger (Barbigera, Barbigerum) (3), 
bearded. 

Bartsisefolia, Bartsia-leaved. 

Beckwithii (2), Lieut. E. G. Beckwith 
who commanded a Government expe- 
dition. 

Bellidifolia, daisy-leaved. 

Bellum (2), beautiful, 

Benthami (2), Geo. Bentham, a great 
English botanist. 

Bernardina, San Bernardino Co. 

Betulsefolia, birch -leaved. 

Biceptrum, two-stemmed (wands). 



GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES AND BOTANICAL TERMS. 193 



Bicolor (6), two-colored. 

Bicornuta, two-horned. 

Bidwelliae (2), Mrs. Bidwell of Chico. 

Biennis (2), Biennial, living two seasons. 

Bifidum, Bifid; that is, cut to the middle. 

Biflora (3), two flowered. 

Bifolium (2), two-leaved. 

Bigelovii (4), Dr. J. M. Bigelow. 

Bilabiate, two-lipped. 

Biloba. two-lohed. 

Bingnamae, Mrs. R. F. Bingham. 

Bioletti (2), F. T. Bioletti. 

Bipinnate, twice pinnate. 

Blade, the broad upper part of a petal. 

Blanda, bland, pleasant. 

Blattaria, the old generic name. 

Blepharophylla, eyelash-leaved. 

Blochmanae, Mrs. Ida Blockman. 

Bloomeri, H. C. Bloomer. (See Index.) 

Bolanderi (15). Henry N. Bolander. See 
Index.) 

Boreale (6), northern or boreal. 

Botrys, an old generic name. 

Bottae, P. E. Botta, a French collector. 

Brachy calyx, short calyx. 

Brachyloba, short-lobed. 

Brachycarpum (2), short-podded. 

Brachysperma, short-seeded. 

Bract, Bractlet, reduced leaves of a flower 
cluster. 

Bracteata (2), Bracteosa (4), bracted. 

Brevinorus, short-flowered. 

Brevipes, short-peduncled. 

Brevistyla (2), short-styled. 

Breweri (16), W. H. Brewer, of Yale, 
who was chief of the botanical depart- 
ment of the California State Geologi- 
cal Survey, 1860-4. 

Bridgesii (3), Thos. Bridges, who botan- 
ized mostly in South America. 

Brownii, Brown, an English botanist. 

Bryophora, moss-bearing or mossy. 

Bulbifera, Bulbiferous, producing bulbs. 

Bullata, blistered. 

Bursa-pastoris, shepherd's purse. 

Buxbaumii, J. C. Buxbaum, a German 
botanist. 

Buxifolia, boxwood-leaved. 

Caducous, falling soon, as the calyx of a 
poppy. 



Caerulea (3) cerulean, dark- blue. 

Caesium, bluish-gray. ' 

Caespitosa (4), Cespitose, growing in 
tufts. 

Californica (78), California. 

Callicarpa, beautiful pods. 

Calycina, pertaining to the calyx (large 
in this species). 

Calycosa (4), large-calyx. 

Campanularia, bell-bearing. 

Campanulata (2), Campanulate, bell- 
shaped. 

Campestre (5), field, growing in level 
fields. 

Candicans, whitening, becoming white. 

Candida, pure white. 

Canadense (4), Canada. 

Canescens (3), Canesceni, gray, hoary. 

Canina, dog. 

Cannabinum, hemp. 

Canus, ash-colored. 

Capillaris (2), Capillary, hair-like. 

Capitata (3), Capitate, in a head (the 
flowers). 

Capparideum, caper. 

Capsule, a dry fruit (pod) of more than 
one carpel. 

Cardinale (2), chief, principal. 

Carduacea, thistle-like. 

Carneum, flesh-like. 

Carnosuia (2), flesh-colored. 

Caroliniana (2), Carolina. 

Carpel, one of the leaves forming a pistil. 

Caseana, E. L. Case. 

Cataria, cat. 

Castilleioides, castilleia-like. 

Caudata, Caudate, tailed. 

Caudex, an erect rootstock or a stem ris- 
ing but little above the ground. 

Caulescens, Caulescent, stem-producing, 
having a stem. 

Cauline, on the stem, as cauline leaves, not 
radical. 

Centranthifolius, centranthus-leaved. 

Cerasiformis, cherry-like. 

Cereus, waxen. 

Chamissonis, Adelbert von Chamisso, a 
German poet and botanist who, with 
Eschscholtz, Choris, an artist, and 
their commander, Kotzebue, visited 
San Francisco, Oct. 1816. 



194 GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES AND BOTANICAL TERMS. 



Cheiranthifolius, wall-flower leaved. 

Childii, H. S. Child. 

Chilensis, Chile. 

Chloranthus, green-flowered. 

Chorisiana, Choris (see Chamissonis.) 

Chrysantha, yellow-flowered. 

Chrysanthemifolius, chrysanthemum- 
leaved. 

Cicutarius, cicuta-like. 

Ciliata, Ciliate, fringed with parallel 
hairs. 

Ciliosa, ciliate. 

Cineria, ashy-gray. 

Circinata (2), Circinate, coiled down- 
ward. 

Circinatiformis, circular. 

Citrinus (3), lemon-yellow. 

Clavata (2), Clavate, club-shaped. 

Claw, the slender basal part of some 
petals. 

Cleft, cut about half way down. 

Cleistogama, Cleistogamous, having flow- 
ers which do not open, but are fertil- 
ized in the bud. 

Cleveland! (7), D. Cleveland, San Die^o. 

Coccinea (4), scarlet. 

Coerulea, cerulean, blue. 

Cohesion, the union of similar organs. 

Gollina (3), hill, growing on hills. 

Collinsioides, collinsia-like. 

Coloratum, colored. 

Columbariae, dove (doves eat the seeds 
of this Salvia). 

Columbianum (2), Columbia 

Columbinum (2), dove-like (color). 

Commune, common. 

Comosa (2), Comose, bearing tufts of 
hairs. 

Concinna (3), beautiful. 

Concolor (3), of one color. 

Confertum (3), dense, crowded together. 

Confluent, running together, joined. 

Congdoni, J. W. Congdon, Mariposa. 

Congesta (8), congested, bunched. 

Conjugialis, conjugal; the fruit in 
pairs. 

Connate, joined together ; as opposite 
leaves. 

Connective, that which joins anther 
cells. 



Connivent, coming together. 

Contorta, twisted. 

Convalarioides, convalaria-like, like 
lily-of-the-valley. 

Convolute, rolled up. (In flower buds, 
one edge of a leaf in and the other out 
all around). 

Cooperse, Mrs. Elwood Cooper, Santa 
Barbara. 

Cooperi (2), Dr. J. G. Cooper, a noted 
California zoologist. 

Cordata (3), Cordate, heart-shaped 
(leaves). 

Cordifolia (4), cordate leaves. 

Coriaceous, leathery. 

Corniculata, small-horned. 

Cornuta, horned. 

Coronaria, crowned. 

Corrugata, corrugate. 

Corymbosa (2), Corymbose, like a 
Corymb which is a flat topped inflor- 
escence ; the lower branches as tall as 
the upper ones and the main stem. 

Costate, ribbed. 

Cotulaefolia, cotula-leaved, like may- 
weed leaves. 

Cotyledon, a generic name. 

Coulteri, Coulteriana, Dr. Thos. 
Coulter, who collected on this coast 
1831-3. 

Crassifolia (4), coarse or thick leaved. 

Creeping, lying on the ground and rooting. 

Crenate, edges with rounded teeth. 

Cretica, Cretan. 

Crinita, bearded. 

Crispa, Crispate. 

Crista-galli, cock's-comb. 

Crocea (2), saffron-yellow. 

Crotalariae, Crotalaria, rattle. 

Crystalina, crystaline. 

Cucullaria, hood-like. 

Cucullata (2), hooded. 

Cuneata (3), Cuneate, wedge-like (leaves), 

Cuneifolia (2), wedge-leaved. 

Cupuliferum, cup-bearing. 

Curassavicum, old generic name. 

Curvisiliqua, curved-pod. 

Curtipes, short-pediceled. 

Cusickii (2), W. C. Cusick. 

Cuspidate, armed with a cusp. 



GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES AND BOTANICAL TERMS. 195 



Cylindrica, cylindrical. 

Cymbalaria (2), old generic name. 

Cyme, a Hat topped cluster with the 
oldest flower in the center. 

Cyathiferum, cup- bearing. 

Cytisoides, cytisus-like, like golden- 
chain. 



Davisae, Miss N. J. Davis. 

Debilis (2), weak, tender. 

Deciduous, leafless in winter. 

Declined, bending downward. 

Decora (3), pretty. 

Decumbens (2), Decumbent. 

Deflexa, Deflexed. 

Dehiscence, the opening of a pod or anther 

which is 
Dehiscent, i.e. does not remain closed as 

does a pea-nut. 
Deltoidea, triangular. 
Demissa, low, dwarfed. 
Densiflora (6), dense-flowering. 
Densifolia, densely-leaved. 
Dentata (3), Dentate, toothed with erect 

teeth. 
Denticulata (3), Denticulate, finely 

toothed. 
Depauperata (2), small as if not well 

nourished. 
Depressa, Depressed, pressed down. 
Deustus, burnt (application not obvious). 
Diadelphous, stamens in two sets. 
Dianthoides, dianthus-like, pink-like. 
Dichlamydeum, having both calyx and 

corolla. 
Dichotoma (3), Dichotomous, forking, 

stems and brandies dividing. 
Dictyota (2), netted (leaves). 
Didyma, Didymous, double (the fruit). 
Didymo carpus, double-pod. 
Diffusa (7), Diffuse, loosely spreading. 
Digitate, palmate, leaflets on the end of 

petiole. 
Digynum, two carpeled, or two-styled. 
Dilatum, spreading, broad. 
Dicecious, bearing staminate and pistillate 

flowers on separate plants. 
Dipetala, two-petaled. 
Diploscypha, double -cupped. 



Discolor (2), two-colored. (The sides of 
the leaf unlike in color). 

Dispersa, dispersed, scattered. 

Dissecta (2), Dissected, cut in many lobes. 

Distans, standing apart. 

Distichum, two-ranked. 

Distinct, not united. 

Divaricata (7), Divaricate, separating 
widely. 9 

Divergent, separating. 

Diversifolius (2), variously leaved. 

Diversiloba, variously lobed. 

Douglasii (15), Douglasiana (2), David 
Douglas, a Scotch botanist, who 
collected in 1825 and 1831-2-3. 

Draba, a generic name. 

Drummondii, Mr. Drummond, who bot- 
anized on the plains and this coast 
before 1840. 

Drupe, fruit like a plum or cherry. 

Drymarioides, drymaria-like. 

Dumetorium, of the thickets. 

Dumosa (4) bushy. 

Ebracteata, bractless. 

Echinata, spiny, like a hedge-hog. 

Ecornuta, hornless. 

Edulis, edible. 

Eiseni (2), Dr. Gustav Eisen, naturalist 

and viticuituralist. 
Elseaginifolia (2), elaeaginus-leaved. 
Elatum, tall. 
Elegans (5), elegant. 
Elliptica (4), Elliptical, in the form of an 

ellipse twice as long as broad. 
Emarginata, Emarginate. 
Eminens, high, tall ; or growing in high 

places. 
Emoryi, Major W. H. Emory, who com- 
manded an exploring expedition in 

1846. 
Empetriformis, empetrum-like, like 

(crow-berry). 
Engelmanni, Dr. Geo. Engelmann, St. 

Louis, author of many monographs 

upon difficult genera. 
Epigynous, growing upon the pistil. 
Epilobioides, epilobium-like, resembling 

willow-herb. 
Equilaterale, equal-sided (the leaves). 



196 GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES AND BOTANICAL TERMS, 



Erianthus. woolly-flower. 
Eriocarpa, woolly -pod. 
Eriocephalurn, woolly -head. 
Eriopoda, woolly feet (the base of the 

plant). 
Eriophorus, wool -bearing. 
Erosa, Erose, ragged-edged as though 

gnawed. 
Esculenta, esculent, edible. 
Europaea, European. 
Eupatoria, old generic name. 
Eurycarpa, broad-podded. 
Exigua (3), dwarf, small. 
Exilis (2), slender, feeble. 
Exserted, projecting beyond the other 

organs. 
Exfipulafe, without stipules. 
Extrorse. facing outward. 

Falcifolium, falchion-leaved. 

Farinosa, starchy. 

Fascicle, a close bunch of rather long- 
stemmed flowers of equal height. 

Fa,sciculata (4), fascicled, fascicle-bearing. 

Fastigiate, close, parallel and erect branches. 

Ferruginea, rusty. 

Fertile, fruitful. (Fertile anthers pro- 
duce pollen). 

Ficus-Indica, Indian-fig (the old name). 

Filament, the stem of a stamen, a thread. 

Filicaulis, thread-like stems. 

Filiform, thread-like. 

Filifolia (2), thread-leaved. 

Filipes, thread-stemmed flower (the ped- 
icel thread-like). 

Fimbriata (3), Fimbriate, fringed. 

Fimbriolate, bearing a fringe. 

Fiaccida, flaccid. 

Flammula, the old generic name. 

Flavescens (2), turning yellow. 

Flavulum, yellowish. 

Flexuose, bending in a zigzag way. 

Floccosa, Floccose, bearing tufts of 
woolly hairs. 

Floribunda (7), many-flowered. 

Foliacea, Foliaceous, leafy. 

Follicle, a simple pod opening along the 
ventral suture only. 

Foliolate, pertaining to leaves (3-foliolate, 
having 3 leaflets, etc.) 



Foliolosa (3), leafy. 

Fontana, fountain, growing around springs. 

Formicissimus, beautifully-formed. 

Formosa (4), beautiful (in form). 

Fragarioides, strawberry, like fra- 
garia. 

Fragrans, fragrant. 

Franciscana (2), San Francisco. 

Franklinii, Franklin, an early botan- 
ist. 

Free, not adherent to other organs. 

Fremonti (6), Gen. John C. Fremont. 

Frigidum, frigid, growing in cold places. 

Froebelli, Julius Froebel, 1855. 

Frondosa, leafy. 

Fruit, the ripened pistil and all that 
adheres to it. 

Fruticosa (2), Fruticose, shrubby. 

Fucatum, painted. 

Fugacious, soon disappearing. 

Fulcratus, spurred. 

Fullonum, fuller's (used by fullers in 
dressing cloth). 

Fusca, dusky, dark-colored. 

Fusiform, spindle-shaped. 

Gallica, Gallic, French. 

Galioides, galium-like. 

Gambelii (2), Dr. Wm. Gambel, an 

ornithologist. 
Gauraefolia, gaura-leaved. 
Gelida, frost-loving. 
Gibbous, swollen out. sack-like. 
Gibbsii, G. W. Gibbs. 
Gigantea (3), gigantic. 
Gilioides, gilia-lika 
GitliagO, old generic name. 
Glabella (4), nearly smooth or hairless. 
Glaber (Glabra, Glabrum) (5), hairless. 
Glaberima, very smooth or hairless. 
Glabrata, Glabrate, becoming smooth 

in age. 
Glandulosa (5), glandular. 
Glauca (6), Glaucous, covered with a 

white powder. 
Glaucescens (2), bluish-gray, slightly 

glaucous. 
Glechoma, generic name. 
Glecbomae folia, glechoma-leaved. 
Glomerata. densely -clustered. 



GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES AND BOTANICAL TERMS. 197 



Glomerule, a dense head-like cluster of 
cymules. 

Glutinosa (3), glutinous. 

Goodrichii 

Gordoni, Gordonianus, Gordon, an 
English botanist. 

Gracile (9), slender. 

Graciliflora, slender-flowered. 

Gracilenta (3), slender-growing. 

Grande (2), grand. 

Grandiflora (15), large-flowering. 

Grandifolia, large-leaved. 

Gratissima, most-pleasing. 

Grayi (5), Dr. Asa Gray, the greatest 
American botanist of the 19th Cent- 
ury. 

Greenei (4), Edward L. Greene, Pro- 
fessor of Botany in the Catholic Uni- 
versity of America. 

Greggii, Dr. Gregg. 

Grisea, bluish- gray. 

Groenlandica, Greenland. 

Gratioloides, gratiola-like. 

Guttatus, spotted. 

Gymnocarpa, naked-fruited. 

Gypsophiloides, gypsopi la-like. 

Haematochiton, red-coated (the bulbs.) 
Hallii (4), E. Hall, who collected in 

Oregon, in 1871. 
Hanseni, Geo. Hansen. 
Harknessii, Dr. H. W. Harkness, a 

student of fungi. 
Hartwegi (6), Theodore Hartweg, a 

German who collected in Cal. in 

1846-7. 
Hassei, Dr. Hasse. 
Hastata, Hastate, spear-shaped. 
Hebecarpus, blunt-podded. 
Hederacea, ivy-like. 
Heermannii, Dr. A. L. Heermann, who 

collected in Sacramento Val., 1853-6. 
Hendersoni (4), L. F. Henderson, an 

Oregon teacher and botanist. 
Hesperium (2), evening or western 
Heterantna, variable-flowered. 
Heterodon, variously-toothed. 
Heterodoxa (2), heterodox, unlike 

others of its kind. 
Heterophylla (6), variously-leaved. 



Hexandra, six-anthered. 
Hickmani (2), J. B: Hickman, Mon- 
terey. 
Hiemale, winter. 
Hippurioides, hippuris-like. 
Hirsuta (4), Hirsute, hairy, with rather 

coarse hairs. 
Hirsutissima (2), most-hirsute. 
Hirta, shaggy, rough. 
Hirtella (3), roughish-hairy. 
Hispida (5), Hispid, bristly, with stiff 

hairs. 
Hispidissima, most-hispid. 
Hispidula (3), slightly-hispid. 
Humilis (5), low. 

Humistrata (2), spreading on the ground , 
Humboldtii, Baron von Humboldt, the 

great naturalist. 
Holboellii 

Holosericens, wholly -si Iky. 
Hookeri (5), Hookerianus, Sir Joseph 

Hooker. 
Hornemanni. 
Hornii, Dr. Geo. H. Horn, U. S. Army, 

1862-4. 
Horrida, horrid. 

Howellii (9), Thos. Howell (see index). 
Howardi, W. J. Howard. 
Hyacinthina, hyacinth-like. 
Hyalinum, thin, membranous (the 

perianth). 
Hydrophylloides, like Hydrophyl- 

lum, which means water-leaf. 
Hypogynous, growing below the pistil ; 

i. e., upon the receptacle. 
Hymenosepalus, skinny-sepaled . 
Hypoleuca, white below (the leaves). 
Hypopitis, generic name. 
Hyssopifolia, hyssop-leaved. 

Ida-Maia, (see page 75). 

Ilicifolia (3), hoily-leaved. 

Imbricata (2), Imbricate, overlapping 

like shingles. 
Incana (3), hoary, ashy-gray. 
Incarnata, flesh-colored, fleshy. 
Incisa, Incise, Incisely, cut into sharp 

lobes with sharp sinuses. 
Incompta, plain, unadorned. 
Inconspicua (2), inconspicuous. 



198 GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES AND BOTANICAL TERMS. 



Inferior, below (an inferior ovary is cov- 
ered by the adherent calyx). 

Illfiata, inflated. 

Ixmata, Innate, with the anthers attached 
by the base. 

Insignis (2), marked, noticeable. 

Integerrimus, perfectly entire. 

Integrifolia (2), entire-leaved. 

Intermedia (3), intermediate. 

Interrupta, broken between (the spike 
with naked spaces). 

Intertexta, interwoven. 

Introrse, facing in (anthers). 

Involucrata (2), Involucrate, having an 

Involucre, a whorl of calyx-like leaves. 

Iwolucel, a little involucre. 

Involute, rolled inward. 

Irregular, organs of a set (particularly the 
petals) unlike. 

Ixioides, ixia-like. 

Jalapa 

Jaffrayanus 

Jamesii, Dr. Edwin James. 

Jaredi, Lorenzo Jared, San Luis Obispo. 

Jasniinoid.es, Jasmine-like. 

Jeffreyi, John Jeffrey, a Scotch gardener. 

Jepsoni, Willis L. Jepson, California 
State University. 

Jocundum, Jocundus (3), pleasing. 

Jonesii, Marcus E. Jones, who has spe- 
cially studied the flora of Utah and 
adjacent regions. 

Juliflora 

Junceum, rush-like. 

Kamtschatiea, Kamtschatka. 

Keel, the lower pair of petals in a legumi- 
nous flower. 

Kelloggii, Dr. Albert Kellogg. (See In- 
dex.) 

Kingi (2), Clarence King, geologist and 
author. 

Kleei, W. C. Klee. 

Kentrophyta, generic name. 

ILacerus, lacerated, torn. 
liaciflora, torn-flower. 
Laciniata (6), Lacinlate, slashed, cut into 
narrow lobes. 



Lacteum, milky white. 
Lacunosum, full of holes or hollows. 
Lacustre, Lake, 
lisetus, pleasing, agreeable. 
Laeve (3), smooth. 
lisevicaulis, smooth-stemmed. 
Lamina, blade, as of a leaf. 
ILanatum, woolly. 

Lanceolata (5), Lanceolate, lance -shape. 
Liasiantha, hairy -flowered. 
Lasiocarpum, hairy-podded. 
iLasiococcus, hairy berry. 
Ijasiophyllum, hairy-leaved. 
liasiosperma, hairy-seeded. 
Lateral, on the side of a stem. 
Lateriflora, lateral-flowered. 
Latidens, broad-toothed. 
Latifolia, broad-leaved. 
Latipes, broad, i. e., flat-pediceled. 
Laurina, laurel-like, 
Laxa (3), loose. 
Laxiflorus, loose-flowered. 
Leana, L. W. Lee, Oregon. 
Le&ebourii 

Ledifolius, ledum-leaved. 
Legume, a pod like that of pease. 
Leichtlinii 

Leiocarpa, smooth-podded. 
Xieilimoni (ll),J.G.Leinmon. (See Index.) 
Lepida (2), charming. 
Lepidota, scaly, covered with scurf. 
Leptalea (2), very slender. 
lieptandra, slender anther. 
Xieptantna, slender-flowered. 
Leptocarpa, slender-podded. 
Xjeptophyllus, slender-leaved. 
!Leptosepala, slender-sepaled. 
Leptostachya, slender-spiked. 
lieucantha (2), white-flowered. 
Leucocephala (2), white-headed. 
Iieucodermis, white-skinned. 
Lie acophaeus, ash-colored. 
Lieucophylla (2), white-leaved. 
iLeucopsis, white. 
Lieucostachys, white-spiked. 
Lewisi (3), M. Lewis. (See index.) 
liigusticifolia, ligusticum-leaved, 
Xjiliacea, Lilicina, lily- like. 
Limb, the border or spreading part of ? 
calyx or corolla of united leaves. 



GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES AND BOTANICAL TERMS. 199 



Ijimonium, generic name. 

Limosa, swamp. 

Liindheimeri (2), Dr. F. Lindheimer. 

Iiindleyi, John Lindley, an eminent 
English botanist, 1799-1865. 

Line, a twelfth of an inch. 

Idneare (6), Linear, leaves several times 
longer than wide, with parallel edges. 

liinearifolia (2), linear-leaved, 

XAnearilobus, linear-lobed. 

Lingula, generic name. 

Liiniflora, flax-flowered. 

Liinnaefolia, linnaea-leaved. 

Xiinnasi, Linnseus (see Index). 

Xtinoides, flax-like. 

Liithocarya, stone-nut. 

Liith.ospermoid.es, lithospermum-like, 
(see Index). 

Litoralis (3), seashore. 

Lioasaefolia, loose-leaved. 

Lobata, lobed. 

Lobbi (4), Wm. Lobb, who collected in 
1850-4. 

Loculidical, dehiscence of compound pod 
(capsules) by splitting along the mid- 
rib (dorsal suture) of each carpel. 

IiOngiflora (2), long-flowered. 

Liongifolia, long-leaved. 

Longipes (3), long-peduncled. 

Liongipetala, long-petated. 

Ltucida, shining. 

liudovicianus, Ludovicus. 

Lugens, mourning. 

Luisana, San Luis Obispo. 

Lunate, shape of a new moon. 

Liutea (5), Luteolus (2), yellow, yel- 
lowish. 

Xrtitescens, yellow-growing. 

Xjyallii (3), 

liycopsoid.es (2), lycopus-like. 

Lyoni (2), Win. S. Lyon, Los Angeles. 

L«yrata, Lyrate, lyre -shaped. 

Macraei 

Macrantha (2), large-flowered. 
Macrocarpa (3), large-fruited. 
Macrocera, large-horned. 
Macrodon, large-toothed. 
Macrophylla, large-leaved. 
Macrothecum, large-anthered. 



Macrosiphon, large-tubed. 

Macrophyllum (3), large-leaved. 

Macrostachya, large-spiked. 

Maculata (2), spotted. 

Major (3), larger. 

Malachroides, like Malachra, another 

Mallows. 
Malvaeflora, mallows-flowered. 
Malvsefolia, mallows-leaved. 
Manzanita, little apple (The Spanish 

name). 
Marah, genus name meaning bitter. 
Maritima (11), maritime, sea-coast. 
Marmoratus, shining-white. 
Marshallii (3), C. C. Marshall, Hum- 
boldt Bay. 
Marrubioides, horehound-like. 
Marveanus, generic name. 
Maximus, largest. 
Media (2), medium. 
Megacephalum, large-headed 
Melanocarpa, black-fruited. 
Melanthus, honey-flowered. 
Millefoliata, thousand-leaved. 
Mellita, honey-scented. 
Membranacea, membranaceous. 
Menziesii (17), Archibald Menzies, a 

Scotchman who collected in 1792-4. 
Merous, in composition means parts ; 

e. g., 5-merous parts in fives. 
Mersinites, generic name. 
Mertensiana (3) (see Index). 
Meteloides, metel-like. 
Mexicana (2), Mexican. 
Michaeli (2), G-. W. Michael. 
Michneri, 

Micrantha (10), small-flowered. 
Microcarpus, small-podded. 
Microcephalum, small-headed. 
Microdon, small-toothed. 
Micromeres, small (in all its parts). 
Micropetala, small-petaled. 
Microstachys, small-spiked. 
Mildredae, Mildred Holden daughter of 

the astronomer. 
Millefolium, generic name meaning 

thousand-leaved. 
Millegrana, a thousand grains. 
Mineata, vermilion-red. 
Minima (4). smallest. 



200 GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES AND BOTANICAL TERMS. 



Minor, smaller. 

Minuta, minute. 

Missouriensis, Missouri. 

Mitracarpa, miter-podded. 

Modesta, modest. 

Monandrum, one-stamened. 

Monantha (2), one-flowered. 

Moniliformis, n ecklace-f ormed. 

Monospernium, one-seeded. 

Montana (7), mountain. 

Molle (6), soft. 

Montioides, montia-like. 

Moschatus (2), musky. 

Mucronate, Mucronulate, tipped with a 

sharp point. 
Muhlenbergii, Dr. Henry Muhlenburg. 
Multicaulis, many stemmed. 
Multifida (3), much-dissected. 
Multifiora (3), many-flowered. 
Multinervis, many-nerved. 
Multivalis, many-valved. 
Muricata (2), Muricate, rough with 

short projections. 
Mnriculate, finely muricate. 
Muirii, John Muir, geologist, naturalist 

and author, Alhambra Valley, Solano 

County. 
Mutica, Mutilum, cut short. 
Myriantha, many-riowered. 
Myrinsites, an old name. 
Myrtifolia, myrtle-leaved. 
Myrtilloides, myrtle-like. 
Myrtillus, generic name. 

Nana (2), pigmy, dwarf. 
Namatoides, nama-like. 
Nasutus, large-nosed. 
Nemaclada, thread-branched. 
Neinoralis, sylvan, grove. 
Nemorosa (2), leafy. 
Nevadense (5), Sierra Nevaea, Nevada. 
Neviniana, Rev. J. C. Nevin, Los 

Angeles. 
Nervosa, nerved. 
Newberryi, Dr. J. S. Newberry. 
Nigellaeformis, nigella-shaped. 
Niger, (nigra) (3), black. 
Nigrescens, blackening, becoming black. 
Nitens, Nitida (3), shining. 
Nivalis, Nivea, snowy. 



Node, place on the stem where a leaf, a 
pair of leaves, or a whorl of leaves 
grow. 

Nodiflora, node-flower (the peduncles 
from the nodes). 

Nothofulvus, falsely-tawney (soon fad- 
ing. 

Nubigena, cloud-born. 

Nuda, Nudata (2), naked. 

Nudicaule, naked-stemmed. 

Nudiflorus, naked-flowered. 

Nummularia, money-wort. 

Nutans, nodding. 

Nuttaliana, Nuttallii (6), Thos. Nut- 
tall, an eminent ornithologist and 
botanist, 1835. 

Nutkanus (2), Nutka or Nootka. 

Ob, the reverse ; e. g., 

Obcordoie, cordate (leaf, petal, etc.) with 
the stem at the acute or rounded end 
of the blade, not in the sinus. 

Obcordatus, obcordate. 

Obispoensis, San Luis Obispo. 

Obicularis, under Psoralea is a mis- 
print for orbicularis. 

Oblong, two or three times as long as 
broad, with parallel edges. 

Oblonga, oblong. 

Oblongifolia, oblong-leaved. 

Obtuse, rounded at the end. 

Obtusa, Obtusata, obtuse. 

Obtusiflorum, obtuse-flowered. 

Occidentalis (22), occidental, western. 

Ocellata, eyed (i. e., a pair of spots), 
spotted. 

Ochroleuca, Ochroleucous, yellowish- 
white. 

Oculata, eyed. 

Odorata, Odoratissima, sweet-scented 
and very sweet-scented. 

Officinale (8), medicinal. 

Oleracea, edible (the whole plant). 

Oligosperma, few-seeded. 

Oliganthum. few-flowered. 

Olivaceum, olive-green. 

Onustus, loaded, burdened. 

Oocarpus, egg-pod. 

Opulifolia, maple-leaved. 

Opulus, maple. 



GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES AND BOTANICAL TERMS. 201 



Oppositifolia, opposite-leaved. 
Orbicularis, Orbicuar, circular. 
Orcuttiana, Orcuttii, C. R. Orcutt, 

naturalist, San Diego. 
Gregana (11), Oregonense (2) Oregon. 
Oreophylla, oreon-leaf. 
Origanifolia, origanus-leaved. 
Ornata (2), Ornatissima, ornate^ most 

ornate. 
Ornithorhynca, bird -beak. 
Orthorhyncus, straight-beak. 
Ovalifolia, oval-leaved. 
Ovary, the part of a pistil containing 

ovules. 
Ovata (5), Ovate, egg-shaped (used to 

describe flat organs. See Ovoid). 
Ovatifolia, ovate-leaved. 
Ovoid, egg-shaped, said of solids, (see 

Ovate). 
Oxy, in composition means sharp or sour. 
Oxycanthoides, like oxycanthus. 
Oxycarpum, sharp-pod. 
Oxycarya, sharp-nut. 
Oxycoccus, sour-berry. 
Oxynotus, markedly-sharp. 
Oxypysus, sharp-bladder. 

Pachylobus, thick-lobed. 

Pachystachyus, thick-spiked. 

Pacifica, Pacific Coast. 

Palida, pale. 

Palmata, Palmate, leaflets or lobes 
pointing away from the end of the 
petiole. 

Palmeri (7), Dr. Edward Palmer, a 
noted collector of plants throughout 
the U. S. and Mex. 

Palustre (9), svamp or marsh. 

Panicle, a raceme of racemes or spikes. 

Paniculata (2), Paniculate, bearing pan- 
icles. 

Papillosus, papillose. 

Papilionaceous, butterfly-like, like the flow- 
er of a pea. 

Pardalinum, leopard. 

Parishii, S. B. Parish, San Bernardino. 

Parted, cut almost to the base or midrib. 

Parryi (10), C. C. Parry, a noted field 
botanist and student of western 
plants. 



Parviflora (19), small-flowered. 
Parvifolia (7), small-leaved. 
Parvula (2), very puny, small. 

Parvum (2), small. 

Pastoris, shepherd's. 

Patagonica, Patagonia. 

Patula, spreading, broad. 

Pauciflora (4), few-flowered. 

Paucisecta, few-lobed. 

Pectinata, Pectinate, comb-like. 

Pedata, Pedate, foot-like. 

Pedicel, the stem of a small flower or a 
flower in a cluster. 

Pedicellata, Pedicellate, flowers on ped- 
icels. 

Peduncularis (3), Pedunculata (2). 

Pedunculate, having a 

Peduncle, stem of a flower. 

Peltata (2), Peltate, shield-like. 

Penduliflora, hanging-flowered. 

Penicillata, Penicillate, having a brush- 
like appendage or tail. 

Pentapetaloides, apparently five-pet- 
aled. 

Peramaenus, very-pleasing. 

Peregrina, exotic, foreign. 

Perenne (2), Perennial, having a root- 
stock. 

Perfoliata (3), Perfoliate, the bases of 
opposite leaves united. 

Perigynous, around the pistil on the 
receptacle. 

Persistent, remaining longer than is 
common. 

Petaloid, petal -like. 

Petiolata, petioled, having a 

Petiole, the stem of a leaf. 

Peliohde, a little petiole. 

Pharnaceoides, pharnaceon-like, like 
ginseng. 

Physodes, bladder-like (the calyx). 

Pickeringii, Dr. Chas. Pickering, Sur- 
geon, Wilkes' Expedition, 1841. 

Picta (2), painted, stained. 

Pilosa (6) Pilose, covered with long 
distinct hairs. 

Pilosissinia, densely-pilose. 

Pinetorum, of the pines, in pine forests. 

Pinnata (2), Pinnate, leaflets on the sides 
of a common petiole (rachis). 



202 GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES AND BOTANICAL TERMS. 



Pinnatifida, Pinaatijid, deeply lobed in a 

pinnate manner. 
Piperita, pepper-like. 
Pisocarpa, pea-pod. 
Placenta, the place where ovules grow. 
Plantago, generic name. 
Plattensis, Piatt River. 
Platycarpa, broad-podded. 
Platycaule, broad -stemmed. 
Platyloba, broad-lobed. 
Platyphylla, broad-leaved. 
Platysperma (2), broad-seeded. 
Plebeia, low. 
Plummerae, Mrs. J. G. Lemmon (nee 

Plummer), an accomplished botanist. 
Plumosa, Plumose, plume-like. 
Pluriflora, many-flowered. 
Portulacastrum, generic name. 
Polycarpum (2), many-podded. 
Polygaloides, polygala-like. 
Polyphyllus (2), many-leaved. 
Polysepalum, many-sepaled. 
Polystachya (2); many-spiked. 
Pome, a fruit like an apple. 
Pomeridianum, afternoon. 
Porrj folia, leek-leaved. 
Posterior, away from the observer and 

next to the stem, upper. 
Praemorsa, bitten into, eaten off. 
Prenanthoides prenanthus-like. 
Primuloides, primula-like. 
Pringlei (2), C. G. Pringle. 
Procera (2), tall. 
Procumbens, Procumbent, trailing on 

the ground. 
Prolifera (2), Proliferous, new branches or 

clustersof flowers arising from old ones. 
Prostrata (4), Prostrate, lying flat on the 

ground 
Propinquus, much like another species. 
Pruinosus, frost-like, with a white 

powder. 
Pseudo-Capsicum, false-pepper. 
Pubens, juicy, rapid growing. 
Puberulus, Pubevulent, covered with 

very fine short hairs. 
Pubescent, covered with soft rather short 

hairs. 
Pubescens (3), pubescent, becoming soft 

hairy. 



Pudica, modest. 

Pulchella (5), beautiful. 

Pulegium, generic name. 

Pulsiferae (2), Mrs. Pulsifer Ames. 

Pulverulenta, dusty, powdery. 

Pumilla (6), diminutive, little. 

Punctata, Punctate, dotted. 

Pungens (3), Pungent, sharp. 

Purpurascens (6), purple-growing. 

Purpurea (4), purple. 

Purshiana, Purshii, Frederick Pursh, 

(1800-20). 
Pusilla (7) very small. 
Pycnostachya, close-spiked. 
Pycnantha, close-flowered. 
Pygmaea (2), pygmy, dwarf. 
Pyrotefolia, pyrola-leaved. 

Quadrangularis, four-angled. 
Quadripetalum, four-petaled. 
Quadrivales, four-valved. 
duadrivulnera, four-wounds ; i. e., with 

four red spots. 
Quercetoruni, of the oaks, growing among 

oaks. 
Quercifolia, oak-leaved. 

Raceme, a cluster of pedicillate flowers 

born along the main peduncle. 
Racemosa (8), Racemose, flowers in 

racemes. 
Rachis, the axis of a raceme or spike ; or 

of a pinnate leaf. 
Radians, Radiata, radiating, radiate. 
Radical, growing from a rootstock. 
Ramosior, very Ramose, full of branches. 
Ramosissimus (4), most ramose. 
Ranunculifolia, ranunculus-leaved. 
Raphanistrum, old generic name. 
Rarinorum, rarely-flowering, few flowers. 
Rattani (6), the compiler of this book. 
Rawsoniana, Mrs. L. A. Peckenpah 

(nee Rawson). 
Receptacle, the end of the peduncle upon 

which the organs of the flower grow. 
Recurva, recurved. 
Rediviva, living again, reviving after 

apparent death. 
Reflexa, re flexed. 
Reniformis, Reniform, kidney-shaped. 



GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES AND BOTANICAL TERMS. 203 



Repanda. Repand, wavy-margined. 
Repens (2), Reptans, creeping. 
Reticulated, netted-veined. 
Retrorsa, Retrorse, bending back or 

point to the base as the lobes of 

some leaves. 
Retuse, the apex slightly indented. 
Re volute, rolled backward. 
Rhodiola, generic name. 
Rhorabipetala, rhombus-petaled. 
Rhomboides, rhombus-like. 
Richardsoni 
Rigida (7), rigid, stiff. 
Rivale, brook side, growing along small 

streams. 
Rivularis (3), rivulet-side, growing b}' 

rills. 
Roezli. 
Romanzoffiana, Romanzovii, (see 

Index). 
Rombif'olia (2), rhombus-leaved. 
Rootstock, the base of a perennial herb. 
Rosaceus, rose-colored, rose-like. 
Roscidum, dewy, moist. 
Rosea (5), rose-colored. 
Rotate, wheel-shaped. 

Rothrockii, Dr. J. T. Rothrock, Univer- 
sity of Penn. 
Rotundifolia (8), round-leaved. 
Rubellus (3), reddish. 
Rubescens (2), reddening (with age). 
Rubicunda, Ruber (Rubra, Rubrum), 

red. 
Rufescens, slightly reddening in age. 
Rugose, wrinkled. 
Runcinate, leaves have coarse teeth or 

lobes pointing toward the base. 

Sabinii. 

Saccata, Saccate, having a sack-like 

cavity. 
Sagittate, arrow-shaped. 
Sambucifolia, elder-leaved. 
Sanbournii. 
Sanfordi. 

Sanguinea (3), blood-red. 
Santalanoid.es, santalanus-like. 
Sarmentosa (2), Sarmentose, bearing 

slender twigs which coil around 

objects. 



Sativa (3), cultivated. 

Scabrella (2), Scabrous, rough, harsh. 

Scape, a peduncle arising from the 

ground. 
Scarious, dry and membranous. 
Sceptrum, scepter or staff. 
Scobarium, scurfy. 
Scorpioid, coiled like a scorpion's tail. 
Scouleri (5), Prof. Scouler, M. D., who 

collected before 1840. 
Scripta, lined, scratched, written upon. 
Scutellata, saucer-shaped. 
Secunda (2), Secund, one-sided, bearing 

organs on one side. 
Secundiflora, secund-flowering. 
Semibarbata, half-bearded. 
Sepium, of the hedges. 
Septicidal dehiscence is the splitting of 

pods between the carpels. 
Sericata (2), Sericea (3), Sericeus, silky. 
Serpyllifolia, thyme-leaved. 
Serpylloides, thyme-like. 
Serrata, Serrate, with sharp teeth point- 
ing toward the apex. 
Serrulata (2), Serrulate, finely serrate. 
Sessilis, Sessile, stemless. 
Sessilifolia (2), sessile-leaved. 
Setaceous, bearing bristles. 
Setosa, bristly. 
Shallon, an Indian name first applied to 

a genus. 
Shastensis, Shasta. 
Sheltonii (2), Rev. Shelton. 
Siberica, Siberian. 
Simplex (2), simple, plain. 
Sinapistrum, generic name. 
Sinuata, Sinuate. 
Sinus, space between lobes. 
Sitchensis (2), Sitka. 
Smithii, B. H. Smith (?). 
Soldanella. generic name. 
Sonomense (3), Sonoma. 
Sorediatus, granular, with rough spots. 
Spadix, a fleshy spike of small flowers. 
Sparsiflora (5) few-flowered. 
Sparsifolium, few-leaved. 
Spathe, the leaf enclosing a spadix. 
Spathulifolium, spatulate-leaved. 
Spathulata (2), Spathulate, Spatidate, 

near oblanceolate, with rounded apex 



204 GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES AND BOTANICAL TERMS. 



and blade abruptly narrowing below 
the center. 

Spauldingii. 

Speciosa (4), showy, beautiful. 

Spectabilis (3), notable, remarkable. 

Specularioid.es, specularia-like. 

Spergulinum, spergu.a-like. 

Spicata (5), Spicate, flowers in a 

Spike, a raceme with sessile or short-ped- 
iceled flowers. 

Spinosus, spiny. 

Spinulose, thorny. 

Spiralis, coiling. 

Spithamia (2), span-high. 

Splendens (2), Splendidum, brilliant, 
shining. 

Sptir, a projecting appendage. 

Spurium, bastard. 

Squarrosa (2), Squarrose, spreading 
widely from the axis (leaves). 

Stachyoides, stachys-like. 

Staminea, thready, full of fibers. 

Staminodia, stamens which have no an- 
thers. 

Standard, the upper petal of a papilion- 
aceous flower. 

Stanfordiana, Leland Stanford Jr. 

Stellaris, Stellate, star-like. 

Stenantha, short-flowered. 

Stenocarpum, short-podded. 

Stenoloba, short-lobed. 

Stipe, stem of a pistil or of a pod above the 
receptacle. 

Stipitata (2), Stipitate, having a stipe. 

S/ipels, the stipules of a leaflet. 

Stipularis, Stipulate, bearing. 

Stipules, a pair of appendages at the base 
of a petiole. 

Stiveri, Dr. Chas. Stivers, San Francisco. 

Stolonifera, Stoloniferous, bearing. 

Stolons, branches which bending down 
take root. 

Stramonium, generic name. 

Striata, Striate, marked with grooves or 
channels. 

Stricta (4), Strict, straight and nar- 
row. 

Strigosa, Strigose, beset w T ith rigid scale- 
like appressed hairs. 

Strigulosa, Strigulose, finely strigose. 



Strobiliacea, Strobilina, cone-like, like 

the cone of a pine. 
Suaveolens, sweet-scented. 
Subacaulis, nearly acaulescent. 
Subcordata (2), nearly cordate. 
Subglochidiata (4), somewhat glochi- 

diate. 
Subinclusa, partly included. 
Subpinnata, nearly pinnate. 
Subpinnatinda, nearly pinnatifid. 
Subspicata, somewhat spicate. 
Subulata, Subulate, awl-bearing. 
Subvestitum, partly covered. 
Succulent, fleshy, juicy. 
Suffrutescens, (2), Suffrutescent, shrubby 

at the base. 
Suffruticosa, Suffruticose, shrubby. 
Suksdorfii (2), Wm. Suksdorf. 
Sulphureus, sulphur-colored. 
Sylvatica (2), Sylvester, Silvestris, 

forest, of the woods. 
Systyla, close-stemmed. 

Tagitixia, tagitesdike, like the French 

marigold. 
Tanacetifolia, tansy-leaved. 
Taraxacifolia, dandelion- leaved. 
Tatula, generic name. 
Tenax (2), tenaceous, tough. 
Tenella (7), Tener, tender, delicate. 
Tenuiloba (2), narrow-lobed. 
Tenuinora (3), slender-flowered. 
Tenuifolia, narrow-leaved. 
Tenuis (2), slender. 
Tenuissimus, very slender. 
Terete, rounded cylindrically. 
Ternata, Ternate, in threes. 
Terrestris, low, on the ground. 
Tessellata, tessellated, marked in squares 

(the nutlets). 
Tetraphyllum (2), four-leaved. 
Tetragona, four-sided. 
Texana, Texas. 
Thapsus, generic name. 
Theophrasti, Theophrastus. 
Thurberi, Dr. Geo. Thurber, whose 

special work was upon grasses. 
Thyrse, a dense compound raceme. 
Thyrsiflorus (3), thyrse-flowering. 
Tinctoria, color-giving. 



GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES AND BOTANICAL TERMS. 205 



Tolmiei (2), Dr. Wm, F. Tolmie, Vic- 
toria, who came to the N. W. Coast 
in 1833. 

Tomentella, woolly with line matted 
hairs. 

Tomentosa (5), Tomentose, covered with 
matted, woolly hairs. 

Tortuosus, twisted. 

Torulose, swollen at intervals. 

Torm, an enlarged or broadened receptacle. 

Torreyana, Torreyi (7), Dr. John 
Torrey, a chemist and the greatest 
American botanist of his time. 

Trachyandra, rough-anther. 

Trachycarpa, rough- pod or other fruit. 

Tremuloides, quaking. 

Tribracteum, three-bracted. 

Trichantha, hairy-flowered. 

Trichocalyx, hairy-calyx. 

Trichocarpa, hairy-fruited. 

Trichopodus, hairy-stemmed (the pe- 
duncle). 

Tricolor (2), three-colored. 

Tridentata (2), trident, three-toothed. 

Trifida (4), three-cleft. 

Triflorum, three-flowered. 

Trifoliata, Trifoliate, Trifoliolate, bear- 
ing three leaflets. 

Trilliifolia (2), trillium-leaved. 

Triloba, three-iobed, 

Triphylla (3), three-leaved. 

Trixago, generic name. 

Trolliifolium, trollius-leaved (one "i" 
omitted in text). 

Truncata (3), Truncate, ending abruptly 
as though cut off. 

Tuberosa (2), tuber-bearing. 

Turbinate, top -shaped. 

Ulignosa (2), juicy. 

Umbel, a cluster of flowers having the 

pedicels all growing from the top of 

the peduncle. 
Umbellata (6), umbel-bearing. 
Unalaskensis (2), Unalaska. 
Undulata, undulate. 
Unguiculata, clawed. 
Uniflora (6), one-flowered. 
Unifolia,Unifoliata, one-leaved. 
Unilateralis, one-sided. 



Ursinus (2), bear. 
Urticifolius, nettle-leaved. 
Usatissimum, most-useful. 
Utahensis, Utah. 

Uva-ursi, generic name meaning bear- 
berry. 

Vaccaria (2), generic name. 
Vagans, wandering. 
Valerandi. 
Validum, stout. 
Variegata, variegated. 
Variabilis, variable. 
Variicolor, variously-colored. 
Veitchianus, Veitch, an English gar- 
dener. 
Velutina (3), velvety, fleecy. 
Venenosus, poisonous. 
Venusta (3), beautiful. 
Verecunda, modest. 
Verna (3), spring, early. 
Versicolor, variable-colored. 
Verticillaris, Verticillata, Verticillate, 

whorled. 
Vernicosa, varnished. 
Vesca, weak. 
Vestita (3), clothed. 
Victoris, Victor K. Chestnut. 
Villosa (4), Villous, clothed with long 

hairs. 
Vimioea, willow-like, full of slender, 

osier-like branches. 
Violacea, violet. 
Virescens, green-growing, vigorous. 
Virga, Virgata (3), Virgate, made up of 

slender shoots. 
Virginiana (2), Virginica (3), Virgin* 

iansis, Virginia. 
Viride (2), green. 
Viridescens, green-growing, 
Viscida, Viscidula, Viscosum, Vis- 

cosissimum, viscid, viscous, very 

sticky. 
Vitifolius, grape- leaved. 
Volubis, twining. 
Vulgaris (8), Vulgatum, common. 

Wallacei, Wm. A. Wallace. 

W ashing tonianuin, Lady Washington* 



200 GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAM1SS AND BOTANICAL TERMS. 

Watsoni (2), Sereno Watson, author of Wings, the side petals of papelionaceous 

"Botany of the King Exploration," flowers. 

" Botany of the California Geological Wormskjoldii. 

Survey, "etc. Wrangelianus, Bare:., von \Vrangel, Gov. 

Webberi (2), Dr. D. G. Webber of of Russian possessions, lived at Bodega, 

Sierra Co. 1829. 

Weedii. Wrightii, Chas. Wright. 
Wheeleri, Lieut. Geo. Wheeler, 1871-5. 

Whipplei, Lieut. A. W. Whipple, 1853. Xanti, Xantiana, L. J. Xantus de 

Whitlavia, a generic name. Vesey, 1857-59. 
Williamsoni, Lieut. R. S. Williamson, 

1853. Ziziphoroides, zizipus-like, like jujube # 



INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF GENERIC NAMES. 



# * # Names given in honor of men are followed by the names of the individuals thus 
honored. Local names are in italics. When such a name is not given in the 
text, the number or numbers of the species, or of the section, are given with the 
generic name in parentheses. Baby Eyes, for example, is a local name applied to the 
second and third species of Nemophila ; and all the species in Section Two of 
Calochortus are called Butterfly Lilies. 

The last page number refers to the Key to Genera and Species; the other number or 
numbers to the Key to Orders, where new species and corrections are found: 

Abronia, delicate (59 

Acaena 118 

Acanthomintha, spiny-mint 172 

Acer, sharp or strong SO, 104 

Achlys 82 

A conite, Aconitum, the ancient Greek name .... 82 

Actaea, elder-like 82 

Adenostoma, glandular stoma (leaf openings) , 117 

Adolpbia 102 

JEsculus 30, 104 

Agrimonia, prize of the field 118 

Agrostemma, crown of the field 25 

Alchemilla, the Arabic name 117 

Alder 71 

Alfalfa (Medicago, 1) 108 

Alfilaria (Erodium) 101 

A Igaroba 32 

Ailionia > 69 

Alismace^e, Alisma, water 72, 174 

Allium, hot or burning 74, 180 

Allocarya, all the nuts (maturing). 58 

Allotropa, turning all ways (the flowers) 139 

Alnus, near the river . . 71 

Alsinanthemum, grove flower 50 

Alsine, Alsinella, grove t - 25 

Alyssum, allaying anger 86 

Amelanchier, the French name , 118 

Ammannia, John Ammann, Russian (Misspelled in the text) 38, 124 

Amorpha, formless 35, 110 

Ampelopsis, resembling a grape vine 29 

(207) 



208 INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF GENERIC NAMES. 

Amsinckia, Wm, Amsinck, Hamburg 57, 153 

Anacardiace^ , 30* 104 

Anagallis, cheering 142 

Androsace, a shield * 50 

Anemone, wind 17 79 

Aneraopsis, anemone-like ' 71 

Antirrhinum, snout-like , 159 

Aphyllon, leafless 169 

Aplectrum, spurless 176 

Apocynace.e, Apocynum, dog-bane 50, 142 

Aquilegia, eagle (petals like eagle's claws) 81 

Arabis, Arabian 87 

Aralia 44 

ARALIACE.E 43 

Arbutus, the Latin name 137 

Arctostaphylos, bear-berry 48, 137 

Arenaria, sand-plant 95 

Argemone, eye-cure 20, 83 

Arts tolochiace.e, Aristolochia 08 

Armeria, Latin name of a similar plant , 1 40 

Aruncus 115 

Asarum 6S 

Asclepiadace.e, Asclepias, iEsculapius, the Father of Medicine 51, 142 

Ash 71 

Astragalus 31, 111 

Athysanus, without a fringe (otherwise like Thysanocarpus) 90 

Audibertia, Audibert, a Frenchman 06, 173 

Azalea (Rhododendron, 1, 2) 49, 139 

Baby Eyes (Nemophila, 2, 3) . , 150 

Baneberry (Aetata) 82 

Barbarea, St. Barbara 88 

Barberry (Berberis) 82 

Bayberry 71 

Bedstraio (Galium) , 46, 133 

Behria, Dr. Behr (see note under Triteleia) 182 

Bellardia 64 

BERBERIDACE.E 18, 82 

Berberis 82 

Bermudiana 73 

Bergia 98 

Betulace.5: 71 

Billberry ( Vaccinium, 1 to 7) 137 

Bigroot (Megarrhiza) 1 29 

Bindweed (Convolvulus, 6) 156 

Birch 71 

Blackberry . 115 

Bladderwort 169 

Bleeding-heart, (Dicentra, 1 ) 84 

Bloomeria, H. G. Bloomer... 1S1 



INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF GENERIC NAMES. 209 

Blue-cur'ts (Trichostema) 171 

Blue-eyed Grass (Sisyrinchium, 1 ) : 178 

Blw-weed (Heliotropium) 153 

Boisduvalia, J. H. Bois Duval, a noted French naturalist of the 19th century, 39, 42, 128 

Bolandra, Henry N. Bolander, a successful teacher and a noted botanist 120 

Bolelia : 47 

BoRRAGIN ACE^E 57, 152 

Borrago 57 

Boschniakia, Boschniaki, a Russian 169 

Bo.c-Elder 71 

Boykinia, Dr. Boykin of Georgia , 37, 120 

Brasenia , 18, 83 

Brassica, Brassic, the Celtic name 88 

Brevoortia. J. C. Brevoort of New York . 183 

Brodisea, Jas. Brodie, a Scotch botanist 74, 181 

Brosseea , 49 

Brunella, from the German name of a disease for which this plant was a remedy. 173 

Bryanthus, moss-flower (growing in mossy places) 138 

Buckbean (Menyanthes) 105 

Buckeye, iEsculus 104 

Buda 25 

Bur-clover 108 

Burning-hash (Euonymus) 102 

Butneria 36 

Buttercup (Ranunculus) 80 

Butterfiy Lily (Calochortus, § 2) 186 

Button-bush 133 

Cactace^: (Cactus) 43. 129 

Calamintna, beautiful mint 172 

Calandrinia, J. L. Calandrini, an Italian 26, 96 

Calochortus, beautiful grass 76, 186 

Caltha, cup 81 

Calycanthaceji:, Calycanthus, calyx-flower , 36, 118 

Calypso, the nymph Calypso 176 

Calyptridium 26, 97 

Camassia, the Indian name Camass 183 

Campanulace^e. Campanula, a bell 48, 135 

Canaigre (Rumex) 70 

Capnorchis 20 

Capparidaleje 23, 90 

Caprifolxace^e, Caprifolium, goat leaf . 45, 131 

Capsella, a little box 21 (figured), 23, 89 

Cardamine, heart cure. . . a 21 (figured), 86 

Carpentaria, Prof. Carpenter of Louisiana 121 

Carpet-weed (Mollugo) . 130 

C APvYOPHYLLACEiE 24, 92 

Cascara Sagrada, sacred bark 29 

Cassiope, the goddess of that name 138 

Castilleia, D. Castillejo, a Spanish botanist 64, 166 



210 INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF GENERIC NAMES. 

Calchfly (Silene) q 2 

Caulanthus, stem-flower (petals stem-like) 23 88 

Ceanothus, old Latin name , \ ' jqo 

Celastrace.e , .29 102 

Centunculus, unknown meaning ' ^±2 

Cephalanthera (the single anther, like a head, surpasses the stigma) . . . WWW . 177 

Cephalanthus, head-flower * 233 

Cerastium, horn plant (the pods like horns) 94 

Cerasus, name of the city in Western Asia from which cultivated varieties' "of" 

cherries were first sent to Europe 35 

Cercis, shuttle (the pods like a weaver's shuttle) 35 113 

Cercocarpus, tail-pod (see Fig. 79 in Exercises) ..........' 115 

Cereus, wax or wax-like 1 3Q 

Chamaebatia, Chamaebatiaria, from the Greek signifying near or on the 

ground (low or dwarf plants) 1 1 5 

CJtamlsalf Chamise ( Adenostoma) 117 

Cheiranthus, hand-flower (?) 23, 88 

Chelone, a tortoise or turtle (the flower resembling a turtle's head) 161 

Cherry (Cerasus, p. 35, Prunus, 2, 3, 4, 5) , 114 

Chia (Salvia, 2) , ■ 173 

Chichoeed (Stellaria, 7) 94 

Chimaphila, winter-lover 139 

Chlorogalum, green milk (greenish white juice) 1S3 

Chorizanthe 70 

Chrysosplenium, golden spleen 121 

Circaea, Circe the enchantress 12S 

Cistace.e 23, 91 

Cladothamnus, branching-bush 139 

Clarkia, Gen. Wm. Clarke, who crossed the Rocky Mts. in 1803 with Meriwether 

Lewis, 39 (figured) 42, 128 

Claytonia, Dr. John Clayton, an early botanist of Virginia. (In the figure, p. 

26, a is C. exigua ; b, C. perfoliata) 26, 97 

Cleavers (Galium) 46, 133 

Clematis, vine 79 

Cleome 90 

Clintonia, Gov. De Witt Clinton of New York 188 

Clover (Trifolium) 31, 33, 107 

Cneoridium , 101 

Coffee Tree (Rhamnus) 29 

Collinsia, Zaccheus Collins, a botanist of Philadelphia 62, 160 

Collomia, glue or gluten (seeds mucilaginous) 53 

Columbine ( Aquilegia) 81 

Comandra, hairy stamens (in the key) 15 

Composite 46 

Convolvulace^e, Convolvulus, the old Latin name meaning a twiner. 64, 156 

Coptis, from a Greek word meaning cut (leaves finely cut) 18, 81 

Corallorhiza, coral-root , 176 

Cordylanthus, club-flower 168 

CornacevE, Cornus, horn (wood horn-like) 44, 131 

Corn-svurry (Spergula). . 95 



INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF GENERIC NAMES. 211 

Corydalis, the old Greek name 84 

Cotton ; 27 

Cottonwood 71 

Cotyledon, the old Greek name 123 

Crab-apple (Pirns) 118 

Cranesbiil (Geranium) ; 28, 101 

Ckassulacele 38, 122 

Crataegus, strength 1 ] 8 

Cream-cups (Platystemon) p 19 (figure), 20, 83 

Cranberry (Vaccinium, 9) 137 

Cressa, Cretan woman 156 

Crucifer.e 21, 84 

Cryptanthe, hidden flower 59 

Cucurbitace^, Cucurbita, Latin for gourd, the type of the order 43, 129 

Currant (smooth-stemmed species of Ribes) 37, 122 

Cuscuta, the Arabic name changed 156 

Cypridium, Venus' Slipper , 177 

Cycladenia. circle gland (a ring of glands around the pistil) 142 

Cynoglossum, dog's tongue 155 

Damasonium 175 

Darlingtonia, Dr. Win. Darlington, a noted botanist of Pennsylvania 83 

Dati'scace^e, Datisca 43, 129 

Datura, the Arabic name modified 157 

Death- Camass (Zygadenus, 2) > 188 

Delphinium, dolphin (shape of flower) 17, 18, 81 

Dendromecon, tree-poppy , 84 

Dentaria, tooth (the tubers toothed) 86 

Dicentra, two spurs 20, 84 

Dichelostemma .' 74 

Dichondra, double mass (fruit double) 64 

Digitalis, from the Latin for a thimble (the corolla fits the finger) 160 

Dipsacace^e, Dipsacus , 46, 134 

Dirca (in the Key) 16 

Disporuni 45 

Distigia (Lonicera) two cloaks (the pair of bracts) 75 

Dodecatheon, twelve gods 50, 141 

Dodder (Cuscuta) 156 

Dogwood (Cornus, 1 ) 131 

Downingia, A. J. Downing, author of several works on horticulture 47, 135 

Draba, acrid (leaves) 86 

Draperia, John W. Draper, historian 150 

Droserace^e, Drosera, dewy (the leaves exude liquid) 33, 123 

Echinocactus, hedge-hog cactus 130 

Echinospermum, hedge-hog seed 58, 155 

Elatinace^e, Elatine, Greek name of the lir tree 26, 98 

Elderberry (Sambucus) 45, 1 32 

Ellisia, John Ellis, an English botanist , 54, 150 

Eminenanthe, persistent flower 1 52 



212 INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF GENERIC NAMES. 

Epilobium, violet on a pod 39 (figured), 40, 125 

Epipactis, the Greek name 177 

Ericaceae 48, 136 

Eriodictyon, woolly aud veiny (the leaves) 56, 152 

Eriogonum, woolly joints 70 

Eriogynia, woolly pistil 115 

Erodium, heron (the fruit like a heron's bill) 29, 101 

Erysimum, a cure-all 23, 88 

Erythraea, red . . 144 

Erythronium, red (inappropriate) 76, 185 

Eschscholtzia, J. F. Eschscholtz, a German naturalist, who visited San Fran- 
cisco, San Jose, and Monterey in October, 1816 19 (figured), 20, 84 

Eucharidium 42, 128 

Eulobus, truly a pod (pod 3 or 4 inches long) .41, 126 

Eunanus, very charming < 63 

Euonynms, good name 102 

Evening Primrose, (GEnothera, 1) 126 

Fatsia 44 

Ficoide.^ 43, 130 

Filaria or Fiiaree (Erodium) 101 

Flax, (Linum) 100 

Flcerkia, Flcerke, a German botanist 29 

Forgetmenot, (Myosotis) . , 153 

Foxglove 166 

Fragaria, fragrant (the fruit) 116 

Frankeniace^:, Frankenia 29, 92 

Frasera, John Fraser, an English botanist 144 

Fraxinus 142 

Fremontia, Gen. John C. Fremont 28, 100 

Fringe-pod (Thysanocarpus) - 21 (figured), 90 

Fritillaria, checkered 75, 1 85 

Fumariace^e 20, 84 

Galium 46, 133 

Garrya 131 

Gaultheria (Gaulthier), a French physician at Quebec 138 

Gayophytum 40, 126 

Gentian ac e.3e, Gentiana , 51, 143, 144 

Geraniace^e, Geranium, crane (fruit like the bill of a crane) 28, 101 

Geum, good tasting 116 

Gilia, Philip Gil or Gilio, a Spanish botanist 52, 145 

Githopsis, like Githago 48, Ki5 

Glaux, sea-green 141 

Glycyrrhiza, sweet root 1 10 

Godetia, 39 (figured) 42, 127 

Goldthread (Coptis) : IS, 81 

Gomphocarpus, club fruit or peg-pod 51, 143 

Goody eara, John Goodyear 177 

Gooseberry (the prickly Ribes) 37, 122 

Goosefoot (Potentilia, 2) 116 



INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF GENERIC NAMES. 213 

Grape '29, 102 

Gratiola, herb of grace * ] 06 

Ground Cherry, (Physalis) 138 

Habenaria, thong (the spur) 72, ] 76 

Halorageje 3§' ]24 

Hastingsia, Judge C. Hastings of San Francisco, who assisted in the publication 

of the State Botanical Survey Report of Cal 183 

Helianthemum, sun flower 91 

Heliotropium, sun-turning 153 

Hemitotes (Newberrya) . . . 49 

Hernaria . 25 

Herpestis, a creeper ; ] qq 

Hesperochiron, the western Chiron ' 152 

Hesperoscordum \ 75 

Heterodraba, other or false Draba 90 

Heterocodon, bells (flowers) differing 136 

Heterogaura, other or false Gaura 128 

Heteromeles 118 

Heuchera, Dr. H. Heucher , 121 

Hibiscus 100 

Hippocastenum, horse-chestnut 30 

Kippuris, mare's tail , r . . . 124 

Holodiscus, all disk (the flower) 35, 115 

Honeysuckle (Lonicera) 45, 132 

Hookera, Sir Josoph Hooker, a noted English botanist 74, 182 

Horehound 173 

Horkelia 35, 117 

Hosackia, Br. David Hosack, a Philadelphia botanist 31 (figured), 34, 108 

Howellia, Joseph and Thos. T. Howell, Oregon, botanists 4S 

Huckleberry ( Vaccinium, 8) ] 36 

Hydrophyllace^e, Hydrophyllum, water leaf. . t 54, 149 

H YPERICACE.E, Hypericum • 25, 98 

Illecebrace-E 25, 96 

Ilysanthes, mud flower 166 

Indian Lettuce (Claytonia perforata) 97 

Iridace.e, Iris, Iris, goddess of the rainbow 73, 178 

Isomeris, equal parts 90 

Isopyrum, equal wheat 81 

Ivesia 35, 117 

Jussiaea, A. J. Jussien, a noted French botanist 39, 125 

Kalmia, Peter Kalm, a Swede 1 38 

Kelloggia, Dr. Albert Kellogg, of San Francisco, who was a lifelong student of 

our Western plants 133 

Knotgrass 70 

Koelia « 66 



214 INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF GENERIC NAMES. 

Krameria, Kramer (two German brothers) 92 

Krynitzkia, Prof. J. Krynitzki of Cracow 58, 154 

Labiate 65, 170 

Lace-pod (Thysauocarpus, 1) 21 (figured), 90 

Lady's SUpper (Cypripedium) 177 

Larkspur (Delphinium) 81 

Lathyrus . 112 

Laurace^ {Laurel) 71 

Laurentia, M. A. Laurenti of Bologna (18th Century) 135 

Lavatera, Lavater (two brothers, Zurich) 99 

Leduni, the old German name 1 39 

Leguminosjs 30, 104 

Lernmonia, Prof. J. G. Lemmon, a noted botanist, author of a work on West 

Coast Conif erae, etc 56 

Lennoace^e 49, 140 

Lentibulariace^e 65, 169 

Lepidiuni, a little scale (pods) 21, 90 

Lepigonum, scaly joint 25, 95 

Lesquerella, Leo Lesquereux, a noted bryologist. 2 \ 

Leucocrinum, white lily 183 

Leucothoe, a mythical goddess (see Lucothoe) 138 

Liewisia, Capt. Lewis who crossed the continent with Clarke in 1803-6 98 

Liliace^e 73, 178 

Iiilium, Lily 184 

Iiimnanth.es, marsh or mud flower 29, 101 

Liimodorum, mud lover , , . . 73 

Xiimonium, marsh-wort 49 

Liimosella, little mud plant 1 66 

Linaceje 28, 100 

Liinanthus, flax-nower (like flax) 52 

Lin aria, flax-like 61 , 1 59 

Liinnaea, Carl von Linnaeus, a Swede, the first great systematic naturalist 132 

Liinum, thread (used to make thread) 28, 100 

Liippia, Aug. Lippe, a Frenchman 60, 1 70 

Liguorice, (Glycyrrhiza) . , 109 

Listera, Dr. Martin Lister, an Englishman 177 

IAthospermum, stone-seed 57, 153 

Loasaceje 42, 128 

Lobeliace^e, Lobelia, Mathew Lobel, physician to James 1 41, 134 

Lcef lingia, Loaning, a botanist of the 18th Century 96 

liOnicera, Adam Lonicer, a German 45, 132 

3L.oph.anth.us, crest-flower 173 

Lotus, Latin name for one of its species 34 

Lucern ( Medicago, 1 ) . . , , 108 

Xiucothoe, a misprint for Leucothce 138 

Ludwigia, Prof. C. D. Ludwig, Leipsic 39, 12a 

liupinus, Lupine, wolf 32,^ 105 

Lychnis, a lamp 25, 94 



INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF GENERIC NAMES. 215 

Ijycium, the Greek name 157 

Ijycopus, wolr-foot ] 271 

Liysimachia, peacemaker 141 

LYTHRACEiE, Lythrum 33 X24 

Madrono, the Mexican name of our Arbutus 137 

Maianthemum, May-flower 75, 184 

Mallows, (Malva) 27, 99 

Malus, the Latin name for apple 35 

Malvaceae, Malva, soft 27, 98, 99 

Malvastrum, like mallows 27, 99 

Malveopsis, mallows-like ' 28 

Mammillaria 130 

Manzanita, little apple 137 

Maple, (Acer) 104 

Marrubium, bitter-juice 173 

Marsh-malloiv 27 

Meadia , , . 50 

Meconopsis, poppy-like, 19 (figured) 20, 84 

Megarrhiza, big-root 129 

Melilotus, honey lotus 108 

Melissa, bee plant 66 

Mentha, Minthe, a mythical personage 65, 171 

Mentzelia, C. Mentzel of Brandenburg 42, 128 

Menyanth.es, moon-flower 145 

Menziesia, Archibald Menzies, who with Vancouver visited the Pacific Coast in 

1791-5 138 

Mertensia, F. C. Mertens of Bremen 153 

Mesembryanthemum, mid -day flower 130 

Mesquit, the Mexican name 32 

Micrampelis, small vine 129 

Microcala, a little beauty 143 

Micromeria, small 66, 172 

Mimetanthe, monkey flower 63 

Mimosa, mimic 30 

Mimulus, ape .... 63, 163 

Mirabilis, wonderful 69 

Mitella, little miter (the fruit) 37, 121 

Modiola, little cup 28 

Mohavea, Mohave , 160 

Mollugo 130 

Monardella, little Monarda, Dr. N. Monardes , 65, 171 

Moneses, only one (flower) 139 

Monk's Hood 82 

Monotropa, turned to one side 140 

Montia 26, 97 

Morning Glory (Convolvulus) 155 

Mountain Balm (Eriodictyon) . 150 

Muilla, anagram of Allium 181 

Mullein (Verbascum) 158 



216 INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF GENERIC NAMES. 

Mustard, Brassica 87 

Myosotis, mouse ear 153 

Myosurus, mouse tail 80 

Myricacejs 71 

Myrica, flowing (grows by rivers) 70 

Myriophyllum, a thousand leaves 124 

Nama, a spring of water 56, 152 

Narthecium, rod or wand 189 

Nasturtium, nose twister (pungent odor) 23, 89 

Navarritia 52 

Negundo 30, 104 

Nemacladus, thread branches 1 34 

Nemophila, grove lover .... « 54, 1 50 

Nepeta, Nepet, a Tuscan town 66 

Newberrya, Prof. J. S. Newberry, a noted geologist and student of extinct 

JT plants 49, 140 

Nicotiana, John Nicot, who introduced tobacco into France 158 

Nine- Bark, Physocarpus 35, 115 

Nuphar, Arabic name of Water Lily 18, 83 

Nuttallia, Thos. Nuttall, ornithologist and botanist 35, 114 

Nyctagin ace^e 69 

Nymph^eaceje, Nymphae, water nymph 18, 82 

Oak 71 

(Enothera. thirst maker 41, 126 

Gdontostomum, toothed mouth 184 

Oleace.^ , 50, 142 

Omphalodes, navel-like 155 

ONAGRACE.E 39, 124 

Onion (Allium) 180 

Opulaster 35 

Opuntia, Opuntii, a region in Greece, , 1 30 

Orchiastrum 73 

Orchidace.e 72, 175 

Oregon Crab Apple (Pirus) 118 

Oregon Grape (Berberis, 2) 82 

Orobanchaceje .65, 169 

Orthocarpus, straight pod 64, 167 

Osmaronia 35 

Oso-Berry (Nuttallia) 114 

Oxalis, acid 29, 101 

Oxys. acid , 29 

Oxytheca, sharp anther 70 

Pachystima 102 

Paeonia, Dr. Pa-on 82 

Palmerella, Dr. Edward Palmer, a field botanist, who has collected extensively 

in the United States aud Mexico 135 



INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF GENERIC NAMES. 21 7 

Pansy (Viola) 91 

pArAVERACE^, papaver, thick milk ] 9, 20, 83 

Parnassia, Mt. Parnassus 121 

Paronychia 25 

Pectocarya, comb-nut 156 

Pedicularis, a louse ; .. . 168 

Pentacaena 96 

Pentstemon, five stamens 62, 161 

Peony, Paeouia .... 82 

Petunia, from Petun, the Brazilian name for tobacco, a similar plant 158 

Phacelia, a bundle (flowers) * 55, 150 

Phaenicaulis, exposed stems 88 

Philadelphus, a friendly brotherhood (of the stamens ? ) 121 

Philbertia, J. C. Philbert, a French teacher of botany 143 

Phlox, a flame (the flowers) -. 53, 1 45 

Pholisma, scale (scaly stem) 140 

Photinia (Heteromeles, Toy on) 118 

Physalis, bladder (the inflated fruiting calyx) 138 

Physocarpus, bladder pod 115 

Pickeringia, Dr. Chas. Pickering, who botanized from the Columbia by way of 

Sacramento Valley to San Francisco in 1841 35, 105 

Pin-clover (Erodium) s . 101 

Pimpernel ( Anagallis) , 1 42 

Pipirace^: , 71 

Pipe Vine { Aristolochia) 68 

Pipsisseiva (Chimaphila) 139 

Pirus, old name of the pear 118 

Plagiobothrys, side cavity (not appropriate) 15 > 

Pla^taginace^e, PlantagO, sole of the foot (the common species growing on 

tramped ground 67, 1 74 

Plantain (Plantago) 1 74 

Platanus, broad or ample (leaves and branches) 71 

Platyspermum, flat seed $6 

Platystemon, flat stamen 19 (figured), 20, 83 

Platystigma, flat stigma 19 (figured), 20, S3 

Plectritis (Valerianella. Suksdorf puts the plants of this genus in four genera, 

and makes several new species) , 134 

Pleuricospora, seed at the side (of the pod) 140 

Plum (Prunus, 1) ■ . 114 

Plumbaginace^e . . .49, 140 

Pogogyne, bearded pistil (style) 172 

Poison Oak (Rhus, 1) 30, 104 

PoLEMONIACE^ 51, 145 

Polemonium, the old Greek name 149 

Polycarpon, many pods 25, 95 

Polygala, much milk (stimulating secretion of in animals) 92 

POLYGALACE^ 24, 91 

Polygonace^:, Polygonum, many joints 69, 70 

Poplar (Populus, tree of the people) 71 

Poppy (Papaver) V 20 



218 INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF GENERIC NAMES. 

Portttlacace.e, Portulaca, juice bearer 26, 96 

Potentilla, potent (in disease) 35, 169 

Poterium, cup l is 

Prickly Poppy ( Argemone) 19 (figured), 83 

Primulace^:, Primula, tirst (to bloom) 49, 141 

Prince's Pine (Chimaphila) 139 

Prosartes, to suspend (flowers pendulous) 75, ] 87 

Prosopis 32 

Prunus, Latin name of plum 35, 114 

Psoralea, scurfy, glandular 1 10 

Pterospora, winged seed 140 

Patty-root ( Aplectrum) 176 

Pycnanthemum, dense flowered , 66, 171 

Pyrola, pirus, a pear (leaves like) 139 

Quaking Ash = . 71 

Radish (Raphanus) 21 (figured), 90 

Ramona 66 

Kanunculace^:, Ranunculus, little frog 17, 79, 80 

Raphanus, quick coming (coming up early) 90 

Raspberry (Rubus, 2) 115 

Rattle-weed (Astragalus, the species with bladder-iike pods, 7 to 19) Ill 

Rhamnace^], Rhamnus 29, 102 

Rhododendron, rose tree 49, 139 

Rhus, red (the fruit of some species) 30, 104 

Ribes , . 37, 122 

Romanzonia, Nicholas Romanzoff, a Russian nobleman who early in the 19th 
century sent Kotzebue to this coast, accompanied by the naturalists 

Chamisso and Eschscholtz 1 52 

Romneya 83 

Roripa > , 23 

Rosacea, Rosa, Rose, red 35, 36, 113, 118 

Rotala 38, 124 

Rubiace^e 45, 133 

Rubus, red (the fruit of some species) , 115 

Rumex 70 

RUTACEiE 29, 101 

Saccaline 70 

Sage (Audibertia. Garden sage is a Salvia) 173 

Sarjina, fatness , 95 

Sagittaria, arrow bearer (the leaf) 175 

Salal (Gaultheria, 1) 138 

Salicace^e 71 

Salmon Berry (Rubus, 3) 115 

Salvia, saving, preserving ()6, (73 

Sambucus, name of musical instrument made of elder 45, 132 

Samolus, pig's food • 142 



INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF GENERIC NAMES. 219 

Scuid'Spurry (Lepigonum) 95 

Sand Verbena (Abronia) \ , . 69 

Sandwort ( Arenaria) 95 

8APINDACEJE 30, 103 

Saponaria, soap 25, 94 

Saracen iackje 19, 83 

Sarcodes, flesh-like ' 140 

Saxifragace.e, Saxifraga, Saxifrage, stone breaker 36, 37, 119 

Scnizj.otus, cleft-back (the hoods of the flower split down the back) 51, 143 

Scoliopus, worm-stem (the scapes) 124 

Screw-pod Mesquit , 32 

SCROPHCTLARTACE.E 60, 158 

Scrophularia, scrofula cure 161 

Scutellaria, little helmet 173 

Sedum, sitting (habit of the plant) . . . . 123 

Self-heal (Brunella) 173 

Senebiera, C. D. Senebier, Geneva 90 

Service-berry ( Amelanchier) 118 

Sesuvium 130 

Sheep-sorrel (Rumex acetosella) 70 

Shepherd's purse (Capsella, 2) 21 (figured). 89 

Sherardia 46 

Shooting Star (Dodecatheon) 50, 141 

Sibaldia, Robt. Sibald, Edinburgh .- 35, 117 

Sida 100 

Sidalcea . .27, 99 

Silene, saliva (exudation from some species) 24, 92 

Silkweed ( Asclepiadaceae, all our species) 142 

Sisymbrium 89 

Sisyrinchium, pig's snout (the spathe) 73, 178 

Skullcap (Scutellaria) , 173 

Skunk-weed (Gilia, the fetid species) 52, 145 

Smilacina, like Smilax (but not the so called Smilax of our gardens 75, 184 

Smilax, a rare woody climber with small green flowers in umbels (inadvertently 

omitted) 

Snow-berry (Symphoricarpos) 45, 132 

Snoiv-plant (Sarcodes) 140 

Soap-root (Chlorogalum 183 

Solanace^, Solanum, the Latin name GO, 157 

Solonoa, Solano Co 51 

Sorrel, (Oxalis) 101 

Specularia, mirror 1 35 

Spergula, scatter 95 

Sphaqele, Greek name of garden Sage , 172 

Spikenard , 44 

Spinach , 43 

Spiraea, to wind (in wreaths) 114 

Spiranth.es, spiral of flowers. . 73, 177 

Spraguea (Calyptridium) Sprague, a botanical artist, who illustrated Gray's 

Botanies) 26, 97 



220 INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF GENERIC NAMES. 

Stachys, a spike (the flowers in) 66 172 

Stanfordia, Gov. Leland Stanford '.'. , ' $9 

Stanleya " . \. 88 

Staphylea, cluster 104 

Star- Flower (Trien talis) • 141 

Statice. astringent 49 140 

Stellaria, star-like ' 94 

Stenanthiuin, narrow-flower 189 

Stercudiacke, bad odor, fetid , 28, 100 

Stonecrvp (Sedum) 123 

St rat/ionium ( Datura) 167 

Strawberry (Fragaria). . 156 

Streptanthus, twisted flower (the petals) 22, 87 

Streptopus, twisted stalk 187 

Stropholirion, (Brodisea 1), twining lily 1S1 

Styracace^e, Styrax 50, 142 

Subularia, owl (pods owl-like) 89 

Suksdoriia, Win. Suksdorf, State of Washington 120 

Sulivantia, Wm. S. Sullivan t, a noted American bryologist (student of Mosses).. 120 

Sundial (Lupinus) 105 

Sweet-clover (Melilotus) . 108 

: : wet-scented Shrub (Calycanthus) 1 18 

Sycamore , 71 

Syrnphoricarpos, fruit accumulator .45, 132 

Synthyris 166 

Tare (Vicia sativa) 112 

Tellima, anagram of Mite 11a . . . 37, 120 

Tetragonia, four-angled 43 

Thalictruni, green-growing 17, 80 

Thelypodium 22, 8S 

Thermopsis, Lupine-like 105 

Thimble-berry (Rubus, i) 115 

Thistle Sage (Salvia, 1) 173 

Thlaspi 89 

Thrift (Armeria) 140 

Thvsanocarpus, fringe-pod 21, 90 

Tiarella. 121 

Tiger Lily (Lilium pardalinum, which means Leopard Lily, a better name) 184 

Tillsea, M. A. Tilli, an Italian. 38, 122 

Tissa 25 

Toad Flax (Linnaria) 159 

Tolfieldia - 189 

Tolmiea 120 

Tonella. probably meaningless 62, 158 

Toyon (Heteromeles), pronounce both o's long 117 

Trautvetteria, named for a German botanist , SO 

Trichostema, hair stamens B . . 171 

Trientalis, three inches high ... B . . 50. 141 

Trifolium, three-leaf 31, 33, 107 



INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF GENERIC NAMES. 221 

Trillium, parts in threes 1 88 

Triodanis : 48 

Triteleia 74, 182 

Tropidocarpum 21 (figured), 22, 89 

Twayblade (Listera) .... 177 

Umbelliferje 44 

Umbellularia : . . . 71 

Unifolium. one leaf 75 

Utricularia, little bladders 169 

Vaccaria 25 

Vaccinium 137 

Vagnera 75 

Valekianace^e, Valeriana, Valerianella, Valerian, King Valerius 46, 133, 134 

Vancouveria, Capt. Geo. Vancouver, who explored the Pacific Coast in 1792-5. .18, 82 

Veratrum, true black 188 

Verbascum, beard , 159 

Vekben aceje, Verbena, old Celtic name modified 67, 1 70 

Veronica, St. Veronica (?) 166 

Vesicaria, blister (pods inflated) 23. 89 

Vibernum, tie (used to make withes) 132 

Vicia. bind 34, 112 

Vine-Maple (Acer, 2) 104 

Violace.e, Viola, Violet, the old Latin name 23, 91 

Virains Bower (Clematis) 79 

Vitaceje, Vitis, the best . . 29, 103 

Wake-Robin (Trillium) 188 

Wall-flower (Cheiranthus 23, 88 

Walnut 71 

Water -Plantain (Alisma) 175 

Water-Lily (Nuphar) 18, 83 

Wnter-Shield {HvsLsenici) 18, 83 

Whipplea, Lieut. A. W. Whipple, who was in command of a Government Survey 

Party, on the Pacific Coast in 1853-54 121 

Willow 72 

Willnw-Jwrb (Epilobium) 125 

Wood Anemone (Anemone, 3) 79 

Xylothermia 35 

Xerophyllum, dry leaf 189 

Yerba Buena (Micromeria, 1) 172 

Yerba Mansa ( Anemopsis) '. 71 

Yerba Santa (Eriodictyon) , 56, 152 

Yucca 184 

Zauschneria, M. Zauschner, a Bohemian botanist 39, 125 

Zizyphus 102 

Zy gadenus, yoked glands (on the petals) 188 



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